Ch. 56 & 57 Flashcards
Define placentomegaly
enlarged placenta weighing more than 600g & AP diameter of >4cm
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: MATERNAL DIABETES
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: IUGR
small placenta
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: TTT
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: maternal anemia
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: congenital neoplasms
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: intrauterine infection
both
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: Rh sensitivity
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: fetal malformations
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: fetomaternal hemorrhage
placentomegaly
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: chromosomal abnormality
both
Is the following placentomegaly or small placenta: a-thalassemia
placentomegaly
______ appear as hypoechoic areas in the placenta and may mimic venous lake or subchorionic hematoma
fibrin deposits
______ is a condition in which the placenta completely covers the internal os of the cervix
complete placenta previa
_____ is a condition in which the inferior edge of the placenta lies adjacent to the internal os of the cervix
marginal placenta previa
______ is a condition in which the inferior edge of the placenta partially overlies the internal os of the cervix
partial placenta previa
A _______ placenta is one which is located in the lower uterine segment but does not reach the edge of the internal cervical os
low lying placenta
Placenta _____ is the adherence of part of all of the placenta into the placental wall beyond the decidua basalis
accreta
Placenta ______ is the invasion of the myometrium by the placental tissue
increta
Placenta _____ occurs when the placenta penetrates through the uterine wall and serosa
percreta
The risk of placenta accreta is _____ when the patient has placenta previa
increased
The presence of accessory lobes of placental tissue which are connected to the main placenta by blood vessels is called
succenturiate placenta
When the placental membranes attach to the main surface of the placenta rather than the margins, it is called
circumvillate placenta
_______ is associated with thickened, folded placental margins, retroplacental hemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, premature labor, and placental abruption
circumvillate placenta
______ is a separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
placental abruption
_____ occurs away from the margin of the placenta
retroplacental abruption
______ occurs at the margin of the placenta, causing vaginal bleeding
marginal abruption
_____ occurs when capillaries in the villi are broken
intervillous thrombus
Placental infarcts are common and usually have no clinical significance
true
Chorioangiomas is a form of gestational trophoblastic disease
false, benign vascular tumor
List the risk factors/causes of placental abruption
hypertension, prior abruption, short umbilical cord, uterine anomaly, myomas, abdominal trauma, placenta previa, tobacco use, cocaine use, perineal death
List complications of chorioangioma
polyhydramnios, hydrops, anemia, cardiomegaly, IUGR, fetal demise, preterm labor
The _____ is an elongated duct that contributes to the development of the umbilical cord and placenta during the 1st trimester
allantoic duct
_____ is an anterior abdominal wall defect in which the abdominal contents are herniated into the amniotic fluid. It occurs to the side of the umbilical insertion and has no membrane covering it
gastroschisis
______ is a term used to describe a placenta with an eccentric cord insertion
battledore placenta
The ____ is an umbilical duct that connects the yolk sac to the embryo
yolk stalk
_____ is a wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetus’ neck
nuchal cord
After birth, the umbilical arteries become the
superior vesical arteries
_____ is a vascular tumor within the umbilical cord
hemangioma of the cord
_____ occurs when the umbilical cord vessels cross the internal os of the cervix
vasa previa
_____ is a failure of the anterior abdominal wall to close completely at the level of the umbilicus
umbilical hernia
______ is a myxomatous connective tissue surrounding the umbilical vessels within the cord
whartons jelly
_____ is a cyst within the umbilical cord
omphalomesenteric cyst
_____ occurs when the umbilical cord inserts into the chorion and amnion, spreading into separate vessels before actually entering the placenta
velamentous insertion
_____ knots of the umbilical cord occur when the umbilical vessels are longer than the cord
false
The outer covering of the umbilical cord is formed by the
amnion
The umbilical _____ carry oxygenated blood to the fetus
vein
Why is it so important to evaluate the fetal insertion of the umbilical cord
to rule out abdominal wall defects and also limb-body complex
The normal diameter of the umbilical cord is
1-2cm
Normally, the right umbilical vein degenerates by 6 weeks gestation. if it persists, it drains into the _____ in the fetus
right portal vein
Persistence of the right umbilical vein is associated with
other fetal anomalies
It is thought that the umbilical cord becomes twisted/spiraled due to
fetal motion
The _____ connects the left portal vein to the IVC in the fetus
ductus venosus
The _____ connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetus
ductus arteriosus
What is the length that determines that an umbilical cord is short
<35cm
What is the normal range for umbilical cord length
40-60cm
What is the length that determines that an umbilical cord is long
> 80cm
The umbilical cord normally twists from the ______ when held vertically
left
A cord with a right twist has ____ incidence of fetal anomalies than a cord with a left twist
greater
Variations in umbilical cord diameter is generally attributed to different amounts of
whartons jelly
A _____ is a herniation of the abdominal contents into the base of the umbilical cord
omphalocele
Gastroschisis usually occurs to the _____ of the umbilical cord
right
Omphalomesenteric cyst is associated with
meckel’s diverticulum
In the presence of a large hemangioma of the umbilical cord, the fetus may develop
non immune hydrops
_____ of the umbilical cord occurs when blood collects in the space outside the umbilical vessels in the umbilical cord. usually due to trauma
hematoma
_____ of the umbilical vessels is occlusion of one or more vessels of the umbilical cord
thrombosis
How do true knots of the umbilical cord occur
long cords, polyhydramnios, IUGR, monoamniotic twin
_____ is the most common type of cord entanglement in the fetus
nuchal cord
Is a single wrap of the umbilical cord around the fetus’ neck during routine sonography considered a problem? why or why not
no, because it can slip off and on
When is marginal insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta a potential problem? why
when the cord is inserted near internal os, labor may cause cord to prolapse or be compressed during contractions
What chromosomal abnormalities is single umbilical artery associated with
trisomy 13, 18, 21, triploidy and turners syndrome
Single umbilical artery is associated with a greater incidence of IUGR
true
What other organ systems have abnormalities associated with single umbilical artery
musculoskeletal, genitourary, cardiovascular, abdominal wall, diaphragmatic hernia
In what situation have umbilical cords with more than 3 vessels been documented
conjoined twins
What is the major functioning unit of the placenta
chorionic villus
The chorionic plate is on the _____ of the placenta
fetal surface
The umbilical cord is formed by the fusion of
yolk stalk and allantoic ducts
What is the function of hCG in early pregnancy
maintain corpus luteum
After birth, what does the ductus venosus turn into
ligamentum venosum
Fusion of amnion and chorion occurs by what week
16
