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OB/GYN II > Ch. 60 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 60 Test Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is a condition in which there is complete or partial absence of the cranial bones with brain tissue present

A

acrania

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2
Q

______ is a form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a single ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril

A

cebocephaly

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3
Q

______ is an open spinal defect with protrusion of the meninges

A

meningocele

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4
Q

______ is an elargment of the fetal head

A

macrocephaly

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5
Q

A _______ is a congenital malformation or abnormality

A

anomaly

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6
Q

______ is a congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres due to an occlusion of the internal carotid arteries

A

hydranecephaly

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7
Q

______ is a neural tube defect in which the cranium, cereberum and cerebellar hemispheres are absent

A

anencephaly

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8
Q

A _____ is a malformed cylindrical nose

A

proboscis

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9
Q

_____ is an open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect

A

meningomyelocele

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10
Q

________ is a failure of the dorsal arches of the spinal vertebrae to fuse

A

spina bifida

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11
Q

After the 1st trimester, the spinal cord grows at a _____ rate than the vertebral column

A

slower

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12
Q

Neural function begins at _____ weeks gestation

A

6

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13
Q

The fetus has defined periods of activity and rest by the end of the ____ month of pregnancy

A

4

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14
Q

The fetus normally displays the sucking reflex by ____ months gestation

A

6

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15
Q

Many congenital malformations of the central nervous system are the result of

A

incomplete closure of the neural tube

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16
Q

_____ it the most common neural tube defect

A

anencephaly

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17
Q

Angiomatous stroma or cerebrovasculosa is the

A

thick membrane covering the remnant brain in anencephalic infants

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18
Q

_____ of anencephalic infants die before birth

A

50%

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19
Q

A lack of dietary ____ is associated with increased risk of neural tube defects

A

folic acud

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20
Q

Excessive consumption of _____ is associated with increased risk of neural tube defects

A

zinc

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21
Q

What are the sonographic findings with anencephaly

A

absence of brain/cranial vault, rudimentary brain tissue, bulging fetal orbits, frog eyes, no cranium, theater mask face

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22
Q

_____ occurs when mesenchymal tissue does not migrate to form bone over cerebral tissue

A

acrania

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23
Q

Presence of brain tissue without overlying cranium, disorganization of brain tissue and prominent sulcal markings are all sonographic findings of

A

acrania

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24
Q

Encephalocele and cranial meningocele are both examples of

A

cephalocele

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25
Q

______ is a herniation of meninges and brain through a defect in the cranium

A

encephalocele

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26
Q

_____ is a herniation of only meninges through a defect in the cranium

A

cranial meningocele

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27
Q

Why are cranial neural tube defects associated with polyhydramnios

A

decreased swallowing

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28
Q

What are the sonographic findings of cephalocele

A

extracranial mass, bony skull defect, ventriculomegaly

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29
Q

Cephaloceles that occur away from the midline of the fetal head are usually the result of

A

amniotic band syndrome

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30
Q

Describe spina bifida occulta

A

least severe, no rooftops, skin intact

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31
Q

Describe spina bifida cystica

A

cystic sac, increased MSAFP, splaying (U or V), meninges/spinal cord protrude

32
Q

A large, open spina bifida lesion is called

A

rachischisis

33
Q

Describe the characteristics of arnold chiari II malformation

A

banana and lemon sign, no cistern magna, displacement of cerebellar vermis

34
Q

Describe the banana sign

A

cerebellum banana shaped because its pulled into foramen magnum

35
Q

Describe the lemon sign

A

scalloping of frontal bones inward 2 degrees to posterior disp of brain, frontal bossing

36
Q

The higher the lesion with spina bifida, the ____ the prognosis

A

worse

37
Q

The larger the lesion with spina bifida, the ____ the prognosis

A

worse

38
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of spina bifida

A

splaying of posterior ossification centers (U or V), protrusion of sac like structure, cleft in skin

39
Q

Cranial findings associated with spina bifida include

A

ventriculomegaly, banana and lemon sign

40
Q

The lemon head sign is specific for spina bifida

A

false

41
Q

_____ is a defect resulting from the agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis causing dilation of the 4th ventricle in the brain

A

dandy walker malformation

42
Q

Describe the sonographic features of holoprosencephaly

A

no midline falx, c shaped ventricle, fused thalamus, dorsal sac, absent CC/CSP, hypotelorism

43
Q

Describe the sonographic features of dandy walker malformation

A

posterior fossa cyst, splaying cerebellar hemispheres, enlarged cistern magna, ventriculomegaly, polyhydramnios

44
Q

Describe alobar holoprosencephaly

A

most severe, single ventricle, horseshoe shaped, fused thalamus, absent IHE/CSP/CC/optic tracts/olfactory bulbs/falx

45
Q

Describe semilobar holoprosencephaly

A

almost complete division of ventricles, rudimentary midline falx, partial occipital horns, partial/complete fused thalamus, absent CC/CSP/olfactory bulbs

46
Q

Describe lobar holoprosencephaly

A

least severe, complete division ventricles, absent CSP/CC/olfactory bulbs, fused thalamus

47
Q

Which chromosomal anomaly is holoprosencephaly most closely associated with

A

trisomy 13

48
Q

What teratogens are associated with holoprosencephaly

A

alcohol, phenytoin, retenoic acid, maternal diabetes, congenital infection

49
Q

What facial anomalies are associated with holoprosencephaly

A

cyclopia, hypotelorism, absent nose, flat nose with single nostril, proboscis

50
Q

The _____ is a fibrous tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

51
Q

Agenesis of the corpus callosum is associated with

A

abnormal lateral ventricle, dilation of the 3rd ventricle, absence of the CSP

52
Q

_____ results from obstruction, atresia or narrowing of the cerebral aqueduct, causing dilation of the ventricles

A

aqueductal stenosis

53
Q

_____ is associated with CMV, reubella, and toxoplasmosis infections

A

aqueductal stenosis

54
Q

____ is an infection pregnant women get when they change the litterbox of their cats

A

toxoplasmosis

55
Q

____ aqueductal stenosis is associated with profound mental retardation and abnormal flexion of the thumb

A

x-linked

56
Q

The _____ is located under the cerebral hemispheres and drains blood from the anterior and central brain into the venous sinuses of the posterior fossa

A

vein of galen

57
Q

____ is a direct connection between an artery in the brain and the vein of galen

A

vein of galen aneurysm

58
Q

AV malformation of vein of galen causes hemodynamic changes that result in

A

cardiac overload and NIH

59
Q

A _______ is seen sonographically as a cystic space midline and superior to the 3rd ventricle in the fetal brain. It demonstrates turbulent flow in doppler

A

vein of galen aneurysm

60
Q

In most cases, fetuses with choroid plexus cysts will be

A

normal

61
Q

A ____ is a cyst within the brain parenchyma which is the result of hemorrhage, infarction or inflammation

A

porencephalic cyst

62
Q

____ means divided brain

A

schizencephaly

63
Q

_____ is characterized by clefts in the cerebral cortex. It is thought to be a result of abnormal migration of neurons

A

schizencephaly

64
Q

Patients with schizencephaly may exhibit

A

seizures, microcephaly, hydrocephaly

65
Q

In cases of hydrancephaly, brain tissue

A

is normal at first, then later destroyed

66
Q

Which of the following can cause hydrancephaly

A

maternal hypotension, infections like toxoplasmosis or CMV, agenesis of the ICAs

67
Q

Explain the difference between ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus

A

ventriculomegaly is enlargement of ventricles within the brain. Hydrocephalus is enlargement of head and compression of brain tissue from CSF buildup

68
Q

Ventriculomegaly caused by aqueductal stenosis or other defect of the cerebral ventricles is

A

non communicating hydrocephalus

69
Q

Ventriculomegaly caused by obstruction outside the ventricular system is

A

communicating hydrocephalus

70
Q

____ can cause hydrocephalus by causing an over production of CSF

A

choroid plexus papilloma

71
Q

Hydrocephalus is always associated with chromosomal abnormalities

A

false

72
Q

Ventriculomegaly usually begins in the

A

occipital horns of the lateral ventricle

73
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of ventriculomegaly

A

lateral ventricular enlargement >10mm, dangling choroid sign, dilation 3rd/4th ventricles, fetal head enlargement

74
Q

A cerebral ventricle is considered dilated when its AP diameter exceeds

A

10mm

75
Q

_____ is an abnormally small head that measures 2 standard deviations below average

A

microcephaly

76
Q

Most children with microcephaly are of normal intelligence

A

false

OB/GYN II (13 decks)

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