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OB/GYN II > Ch. 60 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 60 Test Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is a condition in which there is complete or partial absence of the cranial bones with brain tissue present

A

acrania

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2
Q

______ is a form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a single ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril

A

cebocephaly

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3
Q

______ is an open spinal defect with protrusion of the meninges

A

meningocele

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4
Q

______ is an elargment of the fetal head

A

macrocephaly

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5
Q

A _______ is a congenital malformation or abnormality

A

anomaly

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6
Q

______ is a congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres due to an occlusion of the internal carotid arteries

A

hydranecephaly

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7
Q

______ is a neural tube defect in which the cranium, cereberum and cerebellar hemispheres are absent

A

anencephaly

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8
Q

A _____ is a malformed cylindrical nose

A

proboscis

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9
Q

_____ is an open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect

A

meningomyelocele

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10
Q

________ is a failure of the dorsal arches of the spinal vertebrae to fuse

A

spina bifida

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11
Q

After the 1st trimester, the spinal cord grows at a _____ rate than the vertebral column

A

slower

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12
Q

Neural function begins at _____ weeks gestation

A

6

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13
Q

The fetus has defined periods of activity and rest by the end of the ____ month of pregnancy

A

4

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14
Q

The fetus normally displays the sucking reflex by ____ months gestation

A

6

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15
Q

Many congenital malformations of the central nervous system are the result of

A

incomplete closure of the neural tube

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16
Q

_____ it the most common neural tube defect

A

anencephaly

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17
Q

Angiomatous stroma or cerebrovasculosa is the

A

thick membrane covering the remnant brain in anencephalic infants

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18
Q

_____ of anencephalic infants die before birth

A

50%

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19
Q

A lack of dietary ____ is associated with increased risk of neural tube defects

A

folic acud

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20
Q

Excessive consumption of _____ is associated with increased risk of neural tube defects

A

zinc

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21
Q

What are the sonographic findings with anencephaly

A

absence of brain/cranial vault, rudimentary brain tissue, bulging fetal orbits, frog eyes, no cranium, theater mask face

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22
Q

_____ occurs when mesenchymal tissue does not migrate to form bone over cerebral tissue

A

acrania

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23
Q

Presence of brain tissue without overlying cranium, disorganization of brain tissue and prominent sulcal markings are all sonographic findings of

A

acrania

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24
Q

Encephalocele and cranial meningocele are both examples of

A

cephalocele

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25
______ is a herniation of meninges and brain through a defect in the cranium
encephalocele
26
_____ is a herniation of only meninges through a defect in the cranium
cranial meningocele
27
Why are cranial neural tube defects associated with polyhydramnios
decreased swallowing
28
What are the sonographic findings of cephalocele
extracranial mass, bony skull defect, ventriculomegaly
29
Cephaloceles that occur away from the midline of the fetal head are usually the result of
amniotic band syndrome
30
Describe spina bifida occulta
least severe, no rooftops, skin intact
31
Describe spina bifida cystica
cystic sac, increased MSAFP, splaying (U or V), meninges/spinal cord protrude
32
A large, open spina bifida lesion is called
rachischisis
33
Describe the characteristics of arnold chiari II malformation
banana and lemon sign, no cistern magna, displacement of cerebellar vermis
34
Describe the banana sign
cerebellum banana shaped because its pulled into foramen magnum
35
Describe the lemon sign
scalloping of frontal bones inward 2 degrees to posterior disp of brain, frontal bossing
36
The higher the lesion with spina bifida, the ____ the prognosis
worse
37
The larger the lesion with spina bifida, the ____ the prognosis
worse
38
Describe the sonographic appearance of spina bifida
splaying of posterior ossification centers (U or V), protrusion of sac like structure, cleft in skin
39
Cranial findings associated with spina bifida include
ventriculomegaly, banana and lemon sign
40
The lemon head sign is specific for spina bifida
false
41
_____ is a defect resulting from the agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis causing dilation of the 4th ventricle in the brain
dandy walker malformation
42
Describe the sonographic features of holoprosencephaly
no midline falx, c shaped ventricle, fused thalamus, dorsal sac, absent CC/CSP, hypotelorism
43
Describe the sonographic features of dandy walker malformation
posterior fossa cyst, splaying cerebellar hemispheres, enlarged cistern magna, ventriculomegaly, polyhydramnios
44
Describe alobar holoprosencephaly
most severe, single ventricle, horseshoe shaped, fused thalamus, absent IHE/CSP/CC/optic tracts/olfactory bulbs/falx
45
Describe semilobar holoprosencephaly
almost complete division of ventricles, rudimentary midline falx, partial occipital horns, partial/complete fused thalamus, absent CC/CSP/olfactory bulbs
46
Describe lobar holoprosencephaly
least severe, complete division ventricles, absent CSP/CC/olfactory bulbs, fused thalamus
47
Which chromosomal anomaly is holoprosencephaly most closely associated with
trisomy 13
48
What teratogens are associated with holoprosencephaly
alcohol, phenytoin, retenoic acid, maternal diabetes, congenital infection
49
What facial anomalies are associated with holoprosencephaly
cyclopia, hypotelorism, absent nose, flat nose with single nostril, proboscis
50
The _____ is a fibrous tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
51
Agenesis of the corpus callosum is associated with
abnormal lateral ventricle, dilation of the 3rd ventricle, absence of the CSP
52
_____ results from obstruction, atresia or narrowing of the cerebral aqueduct, causing dilation of the ventricles
aqueductal stenosis
53
_____ is associated with CMV, reubella, and toxoplasmosis infections
aqueductal stenosis
54
____ is an infection pregnant women get when they change the litterbox of their cats
toxoplasmosis
55
____ aqueductal stenosis is associated with profound mental retardation and abnormal flexion of the thumb
x-linked
56
The _____ is located under the cerebral hemispheres and drains blood from the anterior and central brain into the venous sinuses of the posterior fossa
vein of galen
57
____ is a direct connection between an artery in the brain and the vein of galen
vein of galen aneurysm
58
AV malformation of vein of galen causes hemodynamic changes that result in
cardiac overload and NIH
59
A _______ is seen sonographically as a cystic space midline and superior to the 3rd ventricle in the fetal brain. It demonstrates turbulent flow in doppler
vein of galen aneurysm
60
In most cases, fetuses with choroid plexus cysts will be
normal
61
A ____ is a cyst within the brain parenchyma which is the result of hemorrhage, infarction or inflammation
porencephalic cyst
62
____ means divided brain
schizencephaly
63
_____ is characterized by clefts in the cerebral cortex. It is thought to be a result of abnormal migration of neurons
schizencephaly
64
Patients with schizencephaly may exhibit
seizures, microcephaly, hydrocephaly
65
In cases of hydrancephaly, brain tissue
is normal at first, then later destroyed
66
Which of the following can cause hydrancephaly
maternal hypotension, infections like toxoplasmosis or CMV, agenesis of the ICAs
67
Explain the difference between ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus
ventriculomegaly is enlargement of ventricles within the brain. Hydrocephalus is enlargement of head and compression of brain tissue from CSF buildup
68
Ventriculomegaly caused by aqueductal stenosis or other defect of the cerebral ventricles is
non communicating hydrocephalus
69
Ventriculomegaly caused by obstruction outside the ventricular system is
communicating hydrocephalus
70
____ can cause hydrocephalus by causing an over production of CSF
choroid plexus papilloma
71
Hydrocephalus is always associated with chromosomal abnormalities
false
72
Ventriculomegaly usually begins in the
occipital horns of the lateral ventricle
73
Describe the sonographic appearance of ventriculomegaly
lateral ventricular enlargement >10mm, dangling choroid sign, dilation 3rd/4th ventricles, fetal head enlargement
74
A cerebral ventricle is considered dilated when its AP diameter exceeds
10mm
75
_____ is an abnormally small head that measures 2 standard deviations below average
microcephaly
76
Most children with microcephaly are of normal intelligence
false

OB/GYN II (13 decks)

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