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MSK > Fibrous Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Fibrous Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q
  • most microscopically and functionally diverse group of tissue and abundant tissue type
  • unlike epithelia, it is never normally exposed to the outside environment (separated from the outside by epithelium)
  • cells are separated from each other by extracellular matrix
A

connective tissue

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2
Q
  • composed of gel-like (ground) substance w/ embedded protein fibers
  • in the case of bone, the ground substance is calcified into a hard substance
  • ground substance holds tissue fluid derived primarily from the blood (carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes)
A

extracellular matrix

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3
Q

What are the 4 major groups of connective tissue?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • cartilage CT
  • bone CT
  • blood CT
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4
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue? (6)

A
  • structural framework of the body
  • protection (e.g. bones of the skull, dermis of the skin)
  • supports and interconnects other tissues
  • energy storage (e.g. adipose tissue)
  • transports fluids, cells, dissolved chemical through the body
  • defense against invasion by microorganisms
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5
Q

What are the different cell types in connective tissue? (6)

A
  • mesenchymal cells: connective tissue stem cells
  • fibroblasts: produce the collagens, elastins, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins that comprise much of the ECM
  • adipocytes: store and release fat; remove lipids from blood and store it and release them back into the bloodstream when needed
  • chondrocytes: make both fibrillar component and ground substance found in cartilage
  • osteoblasts: make the fibrillar component and calcified substance found in bone; when no longer making bone and trapped within matrix they are called osteocytes
  • hematopoietic stem cells: will produce multiple cell types including blood cells and immune cells; immune cells that leave the blood and enter the fibrous connective tissue include: macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes/lymphocytes, and plasma cells
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6
Q

What are the different types of hematopoietic immune stem cells that leave the blood and enter the fibrous connective tissue? (4)

A
  • macrophages: differentiate from monocytes in the blood; functions are phagocytosis of debris, destroy bacteria, and process materials and present them to other immune cells
  • mast cells: secrete chemicals such as histamine that mediate the allergic response and heparin (blood anti-coagulant)
  • leukocytes/lymphocytes: immune system cells, several types
  • plasma cells: differentiate from B-lymphocytes; produce antibodies that mediate immunity
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7
Q

What are the 3 main fiber types within extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A
  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
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8
Q
  • type of fiber within the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
  • up to 28 different sub-types, with type 1 being the most common
  • primarily serve to resist tension (pulling forces)
  • vary in thickness and most are fibrillar
A

collagen

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9
Q
  • type of collagen
  • fibrils are aligned and crosslinked to increase tensile strength
  • alignment of fibers is responsible for the banding appearance in electron micrographs
  • comprised of two collagen alpha 1 chains and a collagen alpha 2 chain that are secreted as procollagen then processed and crosslinked on the cell surface
A

type 1 collagen

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10
Q
  • disorder caused by dysfunction of collagen
  • vitamin C deficiency eventually weakens collagen and connective tissues in the body

(cells must have sufficient levels of vit C to properly cross-link collagen fibers)

  • sx: loss of teeth, blood vessel rupture (easy bruising), and poor healing
A

scurvy

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11
Q
  • disorder caused by dysfunction of collagen
  • abnormal collagen synthesis leads to weak collagen fibers (up to 27 different forms) due to mutations in collagen genes or collagen synthesis genes
A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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12
Q
  • type of fiber within the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
  • rubber band like protein fibers that are flexible and recoil back to original state when stretched
  • an assembly of tropoelastin, fibulin-1, fibrillin-1, and fibrillin-2
A

elastic fibers

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13
Q
  • type of fiber within the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
  • form a mesh-like, supportive network surrounding structures
  • join connective tissue to basement membranes
  • form nets surrounding capillaries and support the framework for bone marrow and spleen
A

reticular fibers

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14
Q

What are the 2 groups of amorphous ground substances?

A
  • proteoglycans and hyaluronans
  • glycoproteins
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15
Q
  • group of amorphous ground substance
  • large sugar and sugar-protein molecules
  • highly charged and hold water
  • primarily responsible for cushioning and resisting compressive forces
A

proteoglycans and hyaluronans

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16
Q
  • group of amorphous ground substance
  • many secreted proteins have some sugar attached to them
  • include structural proteins and proenzymes
  • carbs are important in protecting the proteins from destruction and can serve as signaling portion of molecules and structural molecules for ground substance to be built on
A

glycoproteins

17
Q

Through what receptors does the cell and ECM interact? (5)

A
  • intergrin receptors
  • syndecans
  • CD44 (receptor for hyaluronans)
  • growth factor receptors
  • cytokine receptors
18
Q
  • cell to ECM receptor
  • transmembrane receptors that bind ECM components and initiate intracellular signaling cascades such as tryrosine kinase activity;
  • 15-alpha and 8-beta units can form over 20 heterodimeric intergrins types binding specific ECM components
A

integrins

19
Q
  • cell to ECM receptor
  • co-receptors containing multiple heparan sulfate proteoglycans needed for binding growth factors
A

syndecans

20
Q
  • type of connective tissue that is developmentally specific
  • rich in mesenchymal stem cells that are multipotent
  • rich in ECM
  • amount of fibril components is lower than of adult CT
A

embryonic connective tissue

21
Q
  • a self-renewing cell population serving as a source for production of differentiated cells throughout life
  • differentiate into various cell types, including fibroblasts, muscle cells, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, and others
A

adult mesenchymal stem cells

22
Q

General classes of connective tissue:

(good study tool, don’t worry about cartilage, bone, or blood right now, they will be covered in future lectures/classes)

A
23
Q
  • most widespread type of loose connective tissue
  • surrounds nerves, muscles, blood vessels, and underlies almost all epithelia (when found immediately beneath membranous epithelia of hollow organs, it is referred to as the lamina propria)
  • well vascularized
  • functions to support and bind other tissues, hold body fluids, and defends the body against infection
  • fixed cells include fibroblasts, adipocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells
  • wandering cells include macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and leukocytes
A

areolar connective tissue

24
Q
  • type of loose connective tissue
  • similar to areolar tissue, but the nutrient-storing capacity is much greater
  • contain many adipocytes that remove, store, and release lipids in the bloodsteam
  • richly vascularized
  • abdundant under skin, surrounding nerves/blood vessels, surrounding organs, and in outer wall of viscera
  • provides padding and cushioning, acts as a filler and insulator
A

adipose connective tissue

25
Q

What are the 2 types of adipose connective tissue and what are their functions?

A
  • white fat: energy storage, insulation, cushioning of organs and hormone secretion
  • brown fat: key thermogenic tissue found abundantly in newborns, but greatly reduced in adults; contain numerous intracellular fat droplets and are smaller in size than adipocytes in white fat
26
Q
  • type of loose connective tissue that is rich in reticular fibers
  • forms an open framework to create a labyrinth for holding free cells
  • found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen where the meshwork it forms houses blood cells and immune cells outside the blood and lymphatic vessels
  • also found connecting some basement membranes to underlying connective tissue
A

reticular connective tissue

27
Q
  • type of connective tissue that contains very thick and abdundant collagen fibers
  • resists extremely strong pulling forces
  • fibroblasts are the principle cell type found here
A

dense connective tissue

28
Q
  • type of dense connective tissue
  • thick collagen fibers are deposited in a random pattern (e.g. dermis of the skin and fibrous capsules surrounding certain organs like the kidneys, bones, etc.)
A

dense irregular connective tissue

29
Q
  • type of dense connective tissue
  • collagen fibers are deposited in a highly regular pattern (e.g. ligaments, aponeuroses, and tendons connecting muscle to bone)
  • poorly vascularized
  • when not under tension may appear wavy in tissue sections
A

dense regular connective tissue

30
Q
  • type of dense connective tissue
  • rich in elastin fibers such as in walls of large blood vessels, surrounding bronchiole tubes, and in certain special ligaments (e.g. ligamentum nuchae)
A

dense elastic connective tissue

31
Q
  • autosomal dominant disorder where elastin is weak due to a mutation in human FIBRILLIN-1 gene, whose gene product is a component of elastin fibers
  • principle target organs are ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems, which can be life threatening
A

Marfan’s syndrome

32
Q
  • combination of epithelia and connective tissue that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body
  • four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial
A

membranes

33
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes and what is their function?

A
  • mucous membranes: line hollow organs (e.g. GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract)
  • serous membranes: secrete a lubricating fluid resembling serum into the major body cavities (i.e. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities)
  • cutaneous membrane: the skin
  • synovial: line moveable joint cavities

MSK (33 decks)

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