Fetal Head and Neck Flashcards
What is the critical period of brain development?
3-16 weeks
Impacts on Brain Development (3)?
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Toxoplasmosis
- Radiation
Microcephaly is AKA?
Zika Virus
What is macrocephaly most commonly caused by?
Hydrocephalus
How many measurements are taken of the MCA velocity? What measurement is used?
Three are taken and the highest velocity is used
Between how many weeks does the cerebellum have a 1:1 ratio with GA?
16-24 weeks
When do the fetal eyes migrate to their midline position?
End of first trimester
What is hypotelorism most commonly associated with?
Holoprosencephaly
What can IOD and OOD measure?
Hypo and hypertelorism
What two abnormalities are associated with macroglossia?
BWS and Trisomy 21
Fetuses with micrognathia are at risk of what kind of distress?
Respiratory
T or F? Cleft lip is more commonly seen in females
FALSE: more common in males
CL and CP are usually seen as part of what abnormality?
Trisomy
What anomaly is most likely seen in an isolated CL or CP?
Clubfoot - isolated is more common in females
What anomaly is likely seen in combination of CL and CP?
Polydactyly - combination is more common in males
What is meroencephaly also known as?
Anencephaly
What is the most common neural tube defect?
Anencephaly/ Meroencephaly
T or F? Anencephaly is predominantly female
True
Anencephaly should not be diagnosed prior to how many weeks?
12
What abnormality has a frog like appearance and a high degree of fetal activity?
Acrania
What abnormality is due to brain destruction and replacement of normal tissue with fluid?
Hyrdanencephaly
What are the causes of third trimester brain destruction? (4)
- CMV
- Toxoplasmosis
- Herpes simples
- CO exposure
What is known as complete or near complete absence of the cerebral cortex?
Hydranencephaly
Incomplete cleavage and rotation of the embryonic what characterizes holoprosencephaly?
Forebrain
What are the three types of holoprosencephaly and what is the worst?
- Alobar - worst
- Semilobar
- Lobar
What does the corpus callosum connect?
Cerebral hemispheres
What is the term for a teardop shape of the lateral ventricles and what abnormality is seen?
Colpocephaly.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
What Dandy Walker abnormality is the most severe and least severe?
Dandy Walker Malformation - worst
Dandy Walker Variant
Mega cisterna magna - usually a good prognosis
Hydrocephalus is most frequently associated with what abnormality?
Spina bifida
Dangling choroid plexus is seen in what abnormality?
Ventriculomegaly
When do CPC usually resolve?
By end of the second trimester
Nuchal fold is measured at what level in the brain? (hint: 3 landmarks)
- Vermis
- CSP
- Thalamus
What is the NF predominantly a marker for?
Trisomy 21
What abnormality occurs when the lymphatic system fails to drain?
Cystic hygroma
Cystic hygroma is the predominant finding in what abnormality?
Turner Syndrome/ Monosomy X
What is the purpose of CP?
Produces and reabsorbs CSF
In what plane can orbits be measured to assess hypotelorism and hypertelorism?
A) Coronal
B) Axial
C) TRV
D) SAG
B - axial
In what part of the lateral ventricle do CP cysts develop?
Atria
What is the most common craniofacial anomaly?
Facial clefts
What is porencephaly?
Fluid filled areas or cysts within the brain
What is lissencephaly?
“Smooth brain” - lack of folds within the cerebral cortex
