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BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY > FERNS & ALLIES > Flashcards

FERNS & ALLIES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

vascular plants are also called

A

tracheophyta

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2
Q

tracheophyta are a ___ of land plants

A

monophyletic subgroup

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3
Q

apomorphies of vascular plants

A

(1) lignified secondary walls, with pits, in certain specialized cells
(2) sclerenchyma, specialized cells that function in structural support
(3) tracheary elements, cells of xylem tissue
(4) sieve elements, cells of phloem tissue
(5) endodermis
(6) an independent, long-lived sporophyte.

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4
Q

in addition, all extant vascular plants, all except for the earliest fossil lineages such as rhyniophytes possess two other apomorphies:

A

(7) sporophytic
leaves, which are associated with the stem in a shoot system
(8) roots.

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5
Q

___ also known as ferns and fern alliies

A

pterydophytes

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6
Q

4 composition of pteridophytes

A

lycopodiophytes
psilotophytes
equisetophytes
leptosporangiate ferns

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7
Q

does the 4 composition of pteridophytes form a monophyletic group?

A

no

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8
Q

______ disperse by spores

A

free-sporing tracheophytes

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9
Q

(2) other names for lycopodiophyta

A

lycophytes
lycopods

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10
Q

___ are a lineage of plants that diverged after the rhyniophytes

A

lycopodiophytes

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11
Q

fossil fern allies

A

rhyniophytes

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12
Q

refers to the first tracheary cells that develop within a patch of xylem and that are typically smaller and have thinner cell walls than the later formed metaxylem.

A

protoxylem

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13
Q

the roots of lycophytes have _____ protoxylem

A

endarch

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14
Q

the stems of lycophytes have an ___

A

exarch protoxylem

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15
Q

lycophytes have a sporophytic structure known as a

A

lycophyll

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16
Q

are characterized as having an intercalary meristem and lacking a gap in the vasculature of stem.

A

lycophylls

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17
Q

lycophylls also have a __, ___ vein

A

single unbranched

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18
Q

Lycophylls may have evolved from small appendages called ___ which may resemble lycophylls but which lack vasculature.

A

enations

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19
Q

enations lack ___

A

vasculature

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20
Q

lycophylls may have been formed by the ____ from the stem into the enation and flattening of this structure into a ____.

A

innervation of vasculature tissue
dorsoventral planar posture

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21
Q

The only lycophytes that survived to the present are __, ___, ___, typically grouped into three families

A

small
nonwoody
herbaceous plants

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22
Q

(3) surviving families of lycophytes

A

lycopodiaceae
sellaginellaceae
isoetaceae

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23
Q

the lycopodiaceae contains how many species

A

380 spcies

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24
Q

lycopodiaceae are commonly called __

A

club-mosses

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25
Q

lycopodiaceae are distinguihsed by having a condition known as ___

A

homospory

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26
Q

the condition distinguished by having only one type of spore

A

homospory

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27
Q

The Lycopodiaceae contain about __ species in five genera

A

300

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28
Q

five genera of lycopodiaceae

A

diphasiastrum
huperzia
lycopodiella
lycopodium
phylloglossum

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29
Q

Sporangia of the Lycopodiaceae, develop laterally in the axils of specialized leaves termed ___

A

sporophylls

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30
Q

The sporophylls are similar to the ___ and co-occur with them on shoots that are indeterminate, i.e. with continuous growth.

A

vegetative leaves

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31
Q

Lycopodiaceae are ___ or ___ usually ___ tall, with ___ branching stems.

A

terrestrial
epiphytic plants
5-20 cm
dichotomously

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32
Q

lycopodiaceae
roots ___ branching

A

dichotomously

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33
Q

lycopodiaceae
leaves ___, ___ long, with -_ unbranched vein, often densely covering the ___

A

simple
0.2-2 cm
1
stem

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34
Q

lycopodiaceae
Sporangia ± __-shaped, opening by a transverse slit that divides the sporangium in ___; solitary in leaf axils or borne on leaf bases

A

kidney
two

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35
Q

lycopodiaceae
Sporophylls __ or ___ and sometimes clustered into ___

A

unmodified
modified
strobili

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36
Q

gametophytes of lycopodiaceae

A

mycorrhizal

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37
Q

how many species in selaginellaceae - in a single genus

A

700 species

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38
Q

selaginellaceae is more commonly known as

A

spike moss

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39
Q

Species of Selaginella occur in __ vegetative forms. these are:

A

isomorphic
dimorphic

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40
Q

Some selaginella have spirally arranged vegetative leaves that are “___” of only one size and shape.

A

isomorphic

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41
Q

Other species of selaginella are prostrate, have leaves that are “___”, of two forms, arranged in four rows: two lateral rows of larger leaves and two upper, or dorsal, rows of smaller leaves.

A

dimorphic

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42
Q

Spike-mosses are __, __, and __ plants under __ tall.

A

terrestrial
herbaceous
perennial
2 cm

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43
Q

selaginella
roots __ branching

A

dicotomously

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44
Q

selaginella
rhizophores are usually produced from the ___, ___ branching

A

stems
dichotomously

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45
Q

stems of selaginella are __ or __

A

erect
creeping

46
Q

are selaginella heterosporous or homosporous

A

heterosporous

47
Q

isoetaceae are comonly called

A

quillwortss

48
Q

In Isoetes, the sporophylls bear enlarged __ and __ on the upper side of the sheathing base

A

microsporangia
macrosporangia

49
Q

male sporophylls of isoetes are called

A

microsporophylls

50
Q

female sporophylls of isoetes are called

A

macrosporophylls

51
Q

The __ and __ of the spores can be an important feature in identifying different species of Isoetes

A

size
sculpturing pattern

52
Q

In the Philippines, one (1) species exist, __, and believed to be endangered. It can only be found in __.

A

Isoetes philippinensis
Mindanao Island

53
Q

ophioglossales other names (2)

A

ophioglossidae
ophioglossoid ferns

54
Q

This group are unique in that each leaf (or “frond”) consists of a sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic blade or lamina, and a fertile segment.

A

ophioglossales

55
Q

The __ gives rise to unbranched roots that lack root hairs

A

underground rhizome

56
Q

The most common genera of the Ophioglossales are

A

Botrychium

57
Q

botrychium are commonly called ___ or __

A

grape fern
moonwort

58
Q

___ are commonly called adder’s tongue

A

ophioglossum

59
Q

ophioglossales
__ and __ species have a divided compound lamina and a branched fertile segment

A

Botrychium
Helmintostachys

60
Q

ophioglossales
species of __ have a simple, undivided lamina and an unbranched fertile segment

A

Ophioglossum

61
Q

The sporangia of the Ophioglossales, and all other monilophytes except for the leptosporangiate ferns, are often termed __ (or “__”)

A

eurosporangia
eusporangiate sporangia

62
Q

A __ is relatively large, is derived from several epidermal cells, and has a sporangial wall comprised of more than one
cell layer. (ophioglossales)

A

eurosporangium

63
Q

the roots of ophioglossoid ferns are unusual in lacking both __ and __.

A

root branches
root hairs

64
Q

the gametophytes of the Ophioglossales and Psilotales are
__, contain __ and are often __

A

nonphotosynthetic
mycorrhizal fungi
subterranean

65
Q

commonly called as whisk ferns (2)

A

psilotales
psilophytes

66
Q

psilophytes consist of only two genera of plants, __ and __

A

psilotum
tmesipteris

67
Q

how many species in psilotum

A

2 species

68
Q

how many species in tmesipteris

A

10 species

69
Q

Like all vascular plants, the whisk ferns have an __, __, __ sporophyte

A

independent
dominant
free-living

70
Q

All psilophytes lack __, an __ for the group; only __ arise from the rhizome

A

true roots
apomorphy
absorptive rhizoids

71
Q

psilophytes are sister to __ and likely lost roots secondarily

A

ophioglossales

72
Q

also known as whisk broom

A

Psilotum nudum

73
Q

the most widespread species of psilophytes, one that commonly called serves as an examplar for the group.

A

Psilotum nudum

74
Q

The leaves of Psilotum are very reduced and peglike and may lack vascular strand, in which they are termed __

A

enations

75
Q

psilotales
The sporangia are two-or three-lobed, which is interpreted as a __, a fusion product of two or three sporangia

A

synangium

76
Q

psilotales
The __ are yellowish at maturity and are subtended by a forked appendage, an apomorphy for the group

A

synangia

77
Q

equisetales are also called (3)

A

equisetophytes
sphenophytes
sphenoids

78
Q

__ are a monophyletic group that diverged early in the evolution of vascular plants

A

equisetales

79
Q

Current molecular systematic studies place the equisetophytes near the __ and within a group containing
the __.

A

Marattiales
Polypodiales

80
Q

(4) apomorphies of equisetales

A

(1) ribbed stems, these often associated with internal hollow canals
(2) reduced, whorled leaves that are usually marginally fused
(3) sporangiophores, each of which consists of a peltate axis bearing pendant longitudinally dehiscent sporangia
(4) photosynthetic spores with elaters

81
Q

Today the remaining equisetophytes are species of the genus __

A

Equisetum

82
Q

Species of equisetales generally have an extensive underground rhizome giving rise to erect, __

A

aerial shoots

83
Q

the ribbed stems of equisetales contain epidermal cells that are impregnated with __

A

silica

84
Q

“scouring rush” came from this characteristic of equisetales

A

the stems are rather tough, laying claim to having been used in the past for cleaning cooking utensils

85
Q

peripheral canals of equisetales are termed as

A

valecular canals

86
Q

equisetales
At the tip of some aerial stems are __ or cones containing the __, which are pendant from a stalked, peltate structure called the __

A

strobili
sporangia
sporangiophore

87
Q

equisetales
The sporangiophore is thought to represent an evolutionary fusion product of an aggregate of ancestrally distinct, recurved __

A

sporangia

88
Q

The spores of Equisetum are unique among vascular plants in containing chloroplasts and unique among land plants in having four or more unusual appendages called __

A

elaters

89
Q

are a group of about six genera and have traditionally been called “ferns”.

A

marattiales

90
Q

very similar to the Polypodiales or leptosporangiate ferns in general form, having large pinnate or bipinnate leaves with circinate vernation, sporangia located on the abaxial surface of leaflet blades, and a photosynthetic gametophyte.

A

marattiales

91
Q

the sporangia of the Marattiales are _

A

eurosporangiate

92
Q

marattiales
In some taxa, the sporangia are fused into a common structure, a __

A

synangium

93
Q

A distinctive apomorphy of the Marattiales is the occurrence of a “__”, which appears as concentric rings of siphonosteles in cross-section

A

polycyclic siphonostele

94
Q

2 common genera of marattiales

A

marattia
angiopteris

95
Q

“giant fern”

A

angiopteris

96
Q

__ occur in our botanical garden. Note the stipules, compound leaves and synangium of eusporangia. This species is also locally known as “pakong kalabaw”
because of its bigger size.

A

Angiopteris palmiforis

97
Q

polypodiales are also known as (2)

A

filiacales
pteridales

98
Q

the leptosporangiate ferns

A

polypodiales

99
Q

Of the five major monilophyte groups, the __ ferns contain by far the greatest diversity, with more than 11,000 species.

A

leptosporangiate

100
Q

The immature leaves of Polypodiales are coiled and known as __ or __

A

fiddleheads
croziers

101
Q

the type of developmental morphology is polypodiales

A

circinate vernation

102
Q

polypodiales - leaf

A

frond

103
Q

polypodiales - petiole

A

stipe

104
Q

polypodiales
the first discreet leaflets or blade divisions of a fern leaf are called

A

pinnae

105
Q

polypodiales
The ultimate leaflets or blade divisions are called

A

pinnules

106
Q

The primary apomorphy of the Polypodiales is the __

A

leptosporangium

107
Q

polypodiale
__ are unique among vascular plants in
(1) developing from a single cell, and
(2) having a single layer of cells making up the sporangium wall.

A

leptosporangia

108
Q

leptosporangia are usually aggregated into clusters, known as __, which may or may not be covered by a flap of tissue, the __

A

sori
indusium

109
Q

polypodiales
Some species have an extension of the pinnule margin called a __ that overlaps the soru

A

false indusium

110
Q

On the outer rim of the leptosporangium is a single row of specialized cells, collectively known as an __, in which the cell walls are differentially thickened on the inner cell face and on the cell faces between adjacent annular cells

A

annulus

BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY (8 decks)

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