FERNS & ALLIES Flashcards
1
Q
vascular plants are also called
A
tracheophyta
2
Q
tracheophyta are a ___ of land plants
A
monophyletic subgroup
3
Q
apomorphies of vascular plants
A
(1) lignified secondary walls, with pits, in certain specialized cells
(2) sclerenchyma, specialized cells that function in structural support
(3) tracheary elements, cells of xylem tissue
(4) sieve elements, cells of phloem tissue
(5) endodermis
(6) an independent, long-lived sporophyte.
4
Q
in addition, all extant vascular plants, all except for the earliest fossil lineages such as rhyniophytes possess two other apomorphies:
A
(7) sporophytic
leaves, which are associated with the stem in a shoot system
(8) roots.
5
Q
___ also known as ferns and fern alliies
A
pterydophytes
6
Q
4 composition of pteridophytes
A
lycopodiophytes
psilotophytes
equisetophytes
leptosporangiate ferns
7
Q
does the 4 composition of pteridophytes form a monophyletic group?
A
no
8
Q
______ disperse by spores
A
free-sporing tracheophytes
9
Q
(2) other names for lycopodiophyta
A
lycophytes
lycopods
10
Q
___ are a lineage of plants that diverged after the rhyniophytes
A
lycopodiophytes
11
Q
fossil fern allies
A
rhyniophytes
12
Q
refers to the first tracheary cells that develop within a patch of xylem and that are typically smaller and have thinner cell walls than the later formed metaxylem.
A
protoxylem
13
Q
the roots of lycophytes have _____ protoxylem
A
endarch
14
Q
the stems of lycophytes have an ___
A
exarch protoxylem
15
Q
lycophytes have a sporophytic structure known as a
A
lycophyll
16
Q
are characterized as having an intercalary meristem and lacking a gap in the vasculature of stem.
A
lycophylls
17
Q
lycophylls also have a __, ___ vein
A
single unbranched
18
Q
Lycophylls may have evolved from small appendages called ___ which may resemble lycophylls but which lack vasculature.
A
enations
19
Q
enations lack ___
A
vasculature
20
Q
lycophylls may have been formed by the ____ from the stem into the enation and flattening of this structure into a ____.
A
innervation of vasculature tissue
dorsoventral planar posture
21
Q
The only lycophytes that survived to the present are __, ___, ___, typically grouped into three families
A
small
nonwoody
herbaceous plants
22
Q
(3) surviving families of lycophytes
A
lycopodiaceae
sellaginellaceae
isoetaceae
23
Q
the lycopodiaceae contains how many species
A
380 spcies
24
Q
lycopodiaceae are commonly called __
A
club-mosses
25
lycopodiaceae are distinguihsed by having a condition known as ___
homospory
26
the condition distinguished by having only one type of spore
homospory
27
The Lycopodiaceae contain about __ species in five genera
300
28
five genera of lycopodiaceae
diphasiastrum
huperzia
lycopodiella
lycopodium
phylloglossum
29
Sporangia of the Lycopodiaceae, develop laterally in the axils of specialized leaves termed ___
sporophylls
30
The sporophylls are similar to the ___ and co-occur with them on shoots that are indeterminate, i.e. with continuous growth.
vegetative leaves
31
Lycopodiaceae are ___ or ___ usually ___ tall, with ___ branching stems.
terrestrial
epiphytic plants
5-20 cm
dichotomously
32
lycopodiaceae
roots ___ branching
dichotomously
33
lycopodiaceae
leaves ___, ___ long, with -_ unbranched vein, often densely covering the ___
simple
0.2-2 cm
1
stem
34
lycopodiaceae
Sporangia ± __-shaped, opening by a transverse slit that divides the sporangium in ___; solitary in leaf axils or borne on leaf bases
kidney
two
35
lycopodiaceae
Sporophylls __ or ___ and sometimes clustered into ___
unmodified
modified
strobili
36
gametophytes of lycopodiaceae
mycorrhizal
37
how many species in selaginellaceae - in a single genus
700 species
38
selaginellaceae is more commonly known as
spike moss
39
Species of Selaginella occur in __ vegetative forms. these are:
isomorphic
dimorphic
40
Some selaginella have spirally arranged vegetative leaves that are “___” of only one size and shape.
isomorphic
41
Other species of selaginella are prostrate, have leaves that are “___”, of two forms, arranged in four rows: two lateral rows of larger leaves and two upper, or dorsal, rows of smaller leaves.
dimorphic
42
Spike-mosses are __, __, and __ plants under __ tall.
terrestrial
herbaceous
perennial
2 cm
43
selaginella
roots __ branching
dicotomously
44
selaginella
rhizophores are usually produced from the ___, ___ branching
stems
dichotomously
45
stems of selaginella are __ or __
erect
creeping
46
are selaginella heterosporous or homosporous
heterosporous
47
isoetaceae are comonly called
quillwortss
48
In Isoetes, the sporophylls bear enlarged __ and __ on the upper side of the sheathing base
microsporangia
macrosporangia
49
male sporophylls of isoetes are called
microsporophylls
50
female sporophylls of isoetes are called
macrosporophylls
51
The __ and __ of the spores can be an important feature in identifying different species of Isoetes
size
sculpturing pattern
52
In the Philippines, one (1) species exist, __, and believed to be endangered. It can only be found in __.
Isoetes philippinensis
Mindanao Island
53
ophioglossales other names (2)
ophioglossidae
ophioglossoid ferns
54
This group are unique in that each leaf (or “frond”) consists of a sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic blade or lamina, and a fertile segment.
ophioglossales
55
The __ gives rise to unbranched roots that lack root hairs
underground rhizome
56
The most common genera of the Ophioglossales are
Botrychium
57
botrychium are commonly called ___ or __
grape fern
moonwort
58
___ are commonly called adder's tongue
ophioglossum
59
ophioglossales
__ and __ species have a divided compound lamina and a branched fertile segment
Botrychium
Helmintostachys
60
ophioglossales
species of __ have a simple, undivided lamina and an unbranched fertile segment
Ophioglossum
61
The sporangia of the Ophioglossales, and all other monilophytes except for the leptosporangiate ferns, are often termed __ (or “__”)
eurosporangia
eusporangiate sporangia
62
A __ is relatively large, is derived from several epidermal cells, and has a sporangial wall comprised of more than one
cell layer. (ophioglossales)
eurosporangium
63
the roots of ophioglossoid ferns are unusual in lacking both __ and __.
root branches
root hairs
64
the gametophytes of the Ophioglossales and Psilotales are
__, contain __ and are often __
nonphotosynthetic
mycorrhizal fungi
subterranean
65
commonly called as whisk ferns (2)
psilotales
psilophytes
66
psilophytes consist of only two genera of plants, __ and __
psilotum
tmesipteris
67
how many species in psilotum
2 species
68
how many species in tmesipteris
10 species
69
Like all vascular plants, the whisk ferns have an __, __, __ sporophyte
independent
dominant
free-living
70
All psilophytes lack __, an __ for the group; only __ arise from the rhizome
true roots
apomorphy
absorptive rhizoids
71
psilophytes are sister to __ and likely lost roots secondarily
ophioglossales
72
also known as whisk broom
Psilotum nudum
73
the most widespread species of psilophytes, one that commonly called serves as an examplar for the group.
Psilotum nudum
74
The leaves of Psilotum are very reduced and peglike and may lack vascular strand, in which they are termed __
enations
75
psilotales
The sporangia are two-or three-lobed, which is interpreted as a __, a fusion product of two or three sporangia
synangium
76
psilotales
The __ are yellowish at maturity and are subtended by a forked appendage, an apomorphy for the group
synangia
77
equisetales are also called (3)
equisetophytes
sphenophytes
sphenoids
78
__ are a monophyletic group that diverged early in the evolution of vascular plants
equisetales
79
Current molecular systematic studies place the equisetophytes near the __ and within a group containing
the __.
Marattiales
Polypodiales
80
(4) apomorphies of equisetales
(1) ribbed stems, these often associated with internal hollow canals
(2) reduced, whorled leaves that are usually marginally fused
(3) sporangiophores, each of which consists of a peltate axis bearing pendant longitudinally dehiscent sporangia
(4) photosynthetic spores with elaters
81
Today the remaining equisetophytes are species of the genus __
Equisetum
82
Species of equisetales generally have an extensive underground rhizome giving rise to erect, __
aerial shoots
83
the ribbed stems of equisetales contain epidermal cells that are impregnated with __
silica
84
"scouring rush" came from this characteristic of equisetales
the stems are rather tough, laying claim to having been used in the past for cleaning cooking utensils
85
peripheral canals of equisetales are termed as
valecular canals
86
equisetales
At the tip of some aerial stems are __ or cones containing the __, which are pendant from a stalked, peltate structure called the __
strobili
sporangia
sporangiophore
87
equisetales
The sporangiophore is thought to represent an evolutionary fusion product of an aggregate of ancestrally distinct, recurved __
sporangia
88
The spores of Equisetum are unique among vascular plants in containing chloroplasts and unique among land plants in having four or more unusual appendages called __
elaters
89
are a group of about six genera and have traditionally been called “ferns”.
marattiales
90
very similar to the Polypodiales or leptosporangiate ferns in general form, having large pinnate or bipinnate leaves with circinate vernation, sporangia located on the abaxial surface of leaflet blades, and a photosynthetic gametophyte.
marattiales
91
the sporangia of the Marattiales are _
eurosporangiate
92
marattiales
In some taxa, the sporangia are fused into a common structure, a __
synangium
93
A distinctive apomorphy of the Marattiales is the occurrence of a “__”, which appears as concentric rings of siphonosteles in cross-section
polycyclic siphonostele
94
2 common genera of marattiales
marattia
angiopteris
95
"giant fern"
angiopteris
96
__ occur in our botanical garden. Note the stipules, compound leaves and synangium of eusporangia. This species is also locally known as “pakong kalabaw”
because of its bigger size.
Angiopteris palmiforis
97
polypodiales are also known as (2)
filiacales
pteridales
98
the leptosporangiate ferns
polypodiales
99
Of the five major monilophyte groups, the __ ferns contain by far the greatest diversity, with more than 11,000 species.
leptosporangiate
100
The immature leaves of Polypodiales are coiled and known as __ or __
fiddleheads
croziers
101
the type of developmental morphology is polypodiales
circinate vernation
102
polypodiales - leaf
frond
103
polypodiales - petiole
stipe
104
polypodiales
the first discreet leaflets or blade divisions of a fern leaf are called
pinnae
105
polypodiales
The ultimate leaflets or blade divisions are called
pinnules
106
The primary apomorphy of the Polypodiales is the __
leptosporangium
107
polypodiale
__ are unique among vascular plants in
(1) developing from a single cell, and
(2) having a single layer of cells making up the sporangium wall.
leptosporangia
108
leptosporangia are usually aggregated into clusters, known as __, which may or may not be covered by a flap of tissue, the __
sori
indusium
109
polypodiales
Some species have an extension of the pinnule margin called a __ that overlaps the soru
false indusium
110
On the outer rim of the leptosporangium is a single row of specialized cells, collectively known as an __, in which the cell walls are differentially thickened on the inner cell face and on the cell faces between adjacent annular cells
annulus
