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BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY > DOMAIN EUBACTERIA > Flashcards

DOMAIN EUBACTERIA Flashcards

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1
Q

how many phyla of bacteria

A

16

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2
Q

bacteria

A

• Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes.
• Cell structure simpler (no nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles) – bacteria actually have nucleus (since it is able to replicate), the only thing is it is not bounded by a membrane, it is called a nucleoid.
• Can be classified into shape, arrangement, and gram stain reaction.

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3
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

• Spherical (cocci)
• Rods (bacilli)
• Comma (vibrio)
• Corkscrew (spirochaetes)

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4
Q

arrangements of bacteria

A

• Diplococci (pairs)
• Streptococci (chains)
• Staphylococci (clusters)
• Tetrads (sarcina)

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5
Q

• Amount of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall determines if the bacteria is gram + or gram -.
• To distinguish gram + and gram - , bacteria uses gram staining.

A

gram stain reaction

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6
Q

gram reaction can be decolourized to accept counter stain

A

gram -

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7
Q

gram reaction - retain crystal violet dye and stain dark violet or purple

A

gram +

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8
Q

peptidoglycan layer is thin (single layer)

A

gram -

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9
Q

peptidoglycan layer is thick (multi layer)

A

gram +

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10
Q

teichoic acid is absent

A

gram -

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11
Q

teichoic acid is present

A

gram +

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12
Q

periplasmic space is present

A

gram -

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13
Q

periplamic space is absent

A

gram +

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14
Q

outer membrane is present

A

gram -

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15
Q

outer membrane is absent

A

gram +

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16
Q

lipopolysaccharide content is high

A

gram -

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17
Q

lipopolysaccharide content is virtually none

A

gram +

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18
Q

lipid and lipid protein content is high

A

gram -

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19
Q

lipid and lipid protein content is low

A

gram +

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20
Q

the cell wall is 70-120 Armstrong thick two layered. the lipid content is high

A

gram -

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21
Q

the cell wall is 100-120 Armstrong thick, single layered. the lipid content of the cell wall is low.

A

gram +

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22
Q

• Small group of thermophilic to hyperthermophilic chemolithotrophic bacteria – derive their energy from inorganic molecules
• Live in hot environments
• Genus Aquifex is aerobic while the rest of the phylum are anaerobic and cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen at all.

A

Phylum 1 - Aquificae

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23
Q

• Can live is high as 95°C
• Optimum growth temp of 85°C
• Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria that thrive in hydrothermal environments
• Aerobic and can only tolerate low quantities of oxygen
• Gram-negative
• Non-sporulating
• Motile nature
• Metabolic versatility
• Chemolithoautotrophs employing the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle for CO2 fixation.
• Growing aerobically while utilizing molecular hydrogen, elemental sulfur or thiosulfate as energy substrates.
• Utilizes H2S or S2O32 as its energy source

A

Genus Aquifex (Phylum Aquificae)

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24
Q

• Comprises of a number of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria
• 2 best studied genera: Thermus and Deinococcus

A

Phylum 2 - Xenobacteria

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25
Q

• Thermophilic bacterium
• Gram negative
• Either immotile or possess flagella and are motile
• More active at higher temperatures
• More thermostable than most other enzymes
• Optimum growth temperature of 70°C-75 °C (min: 37-45°C, max: 79°C)
• Though some have lower growth temperatures of about 60°C (min: 35-40°C, max: 70°C)
• High temperature Thermus pH ranges 7.5-8.0, though strains grow as low as 5.1 and as high as 9.5

A

Genus Thermus (Phylum Xenobacteria)

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26
Q

Thermus aquaticus (Phylum Xenobacteria)

A

• Gram-negative bacterial cell structure with a tripartite cell envelope consisting of a plasma membrane, thin middle layer, and a thicker, irregular outer layer.
• Where the enzyme Taq DNA comes from – major enzyme used in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques or amplifying DNA
• A complete tricaboxylic acid cycle, giving a glyoxylate bypass as well with isocitrate lyase and malate synthase.

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27
Q

Chrysiogenes arsenatis (Phylum 3 - Chrysiogenetes)

A

• Curved, rod-shaped
• 1.0-2.0 um in length and 0.50-0.75 um in diameter.
• Gram-negative
• Strictly anaerobic
• Motile through a single polar flaggellum.
• Has unique lifestyle and biochemistry
• Chemolithoautotroph – uses chemical means to digest rock for energy and does not require organic matter for its existence
• It eats arsenic
• respires with the most oxidized form of arsenic, arsenate
• acetate as ellectron donor
• these organisms use arsenite, an oxidized form of arsenic, as an electron donor to create energy.
• In environments rich in arsenite - anoxic arsenic-contaminated sediments of Lake Coeur D’Alene in Idaho , or in a gold mine in the Northern Territory of Australia.

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28
Q

Phylum 4 - Thermomicrobium

A

• This is a small phylum of chemotrophic and autotrophic bacteria.
• The two best studied genera are Thermomicrobium and Chloroflexus

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29
Q

Genus Thermomicrobium (Phylum Thermomicrobium)

A

• Contains 2 gram negative chemotrophic species
• Lipids form neither ester linkages like other bacteria, nor linkages like the Archaea and Eukarya
• the lipids are made up of 1,2-dialcohols instead of glycerol.

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30
Q

Genus Chloroflexus (Phylum Thermomicrobium)

A

• thermophilic,
• filamentous,
• Gram negative,
• anoxygenic phototroph
• Grow at temperature 35°C-70°C
• inhabitant of neutral to alkaline hot springs where it often forms thick mats.
• Photosynthesis is carried out via bacteriochlorophyll a.
• Chloroflexus spp. can also grow in the dark by means of chemo-organotrophic by aerobic respiration
• an ancient genus with a photosynthetic metabolism that is part way between that of the Purple Bacteria and the Green Sulphur Bacteria.
• Some scientists think Chloroflexus may be one of the earliest photosynthetic bacteria.

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31
Q

Chloroflexus auranticus

A

• Can survive in the dark if oxygen is available
• When grown in the dark, it has a dark orange color.
• When grown in sunlight, it is dark green.

32
Q

Phylum 5 - Cyanobacteria

A

• Photosynthetic – use the sun’s energy to make food for themselves
• second organisms in existence, because they give off oxygen as a byproduct.
• allowed aerobic organisms (ones that need oxygen to survive) to develop
• found in the water and were once thought to be blue-green algae (however, they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and chloroplasts).
• have blue and green coloration
• green color comes from their chlorophyll
• blue color comes from a photosynthetic accessory pigment called phycocyanin.
• Some cyanobacteria have a different accessory pigment called phycoerythrin. This is red and combined with the green chlorophyll gives these cyanobacteria a brown colour
• Found in soil, on rocks, freshwater
• in the desert where they remain dormant for most of the time, taking advantage of the occasional rains.
• In aquatic environments they often form thick mats.
• higher tolerance of heat and low pH values than green plants, so they are often the main autotrophs in hot springs.
• Finally, a number of cyanobacteria have formed symbioses with other organisms such as liverworts, ferns and cycads, however, their best-known symbiosis is with various fungi to form numerous lichens.
• probably the first organisms on earth to release oxygen into the atmosphere, in this way they would have played a major role in making the planet suitable for animals like ourselves.
• Important genera include Stigonema, Nostoc, Anabaena, and Hapalosiphon.

33
Q

Genus Anabaena (Phylum Cyanobacteria)

A

• Filamentous with solitary filaments
• In free clusters or in macroscopic mats
• Cells are cylindrical, longer than wide (2-10 um in diameter)
• Pale or bright blue-green or olive-green.
• heterocyst-forming, photoautotrophic cyanobacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis
• grow in long filaments of vegetative cells.
• During times of low environmental nitrogen, about one cell out of every ten will differentiate into a heterocyst. Heterocysts then supply neighboring cells with fixed nitrogen in return for the products of photosynthesis, that they can no longer perform.
• This separation of functions is essential because the nitrogen fixing enzyme in heterocysts, nitrogenase, is unstable in the presence of oxygen.
• Due to the necessity of keeping nitrogenase isolated from oxygen, heterocysts have developed elements to maintain a low level of oxygen within the cell.
• To prevent the entrance of oxygen into the cell, the developing heterocyst builds three additional layers outside the cell wall, giving it its characteristic enlarged and rounded appearance, thus the rate of oxygen diffusion into heterocysts is 100 times lower than of vegetative cells.
• One layer creates an envelope polysaccharide layer where the nitrogen is fixed in an oxygen-restricted milieu.
• To lower the amount of oxygen within the cell, the presence of photosystem II is eliminated, and the rate of respiration is stepped up to use up excess oxygen.

34
Q

Phylum 6 - Chlorobia

A

• Small phylum of 17 species sometimes referred to as Green Sulphur Bacteria
• Obligately anaerobic phototrophic species
• Most species contain bacteriochlorophyll a and either c, d, or e
• Light energy trapped by bacteriochlorophyll c, d, and e is channeled to the bacteriochlorophyll a – site of photosynthesis

35
Q

Genu Chlorobium (Phylum Chlorobia)

A

• Obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic
• Includes green sulfur bacteria
• Are photolithotropic oxidizers of sulfur
• Utilize a noncyclic electron transport chain
• Gram negative
• Non motile
• Straight or curved rod
• Grows at pH 6-7
• Some have the interesting habit of “consorting” with other larger non-phototrophic bacteria
• Chlrobium spp, will be in consort with a single non-chlorobium cell
• Consortia – aggregations ; ore than just casual groupings because both Chlorobium and non chlorobium cells divide at the same time
• Sci. don’t know the ecological significance of consortia

36
Q

Chlorobium tepidum

A

• Thermophilic species
• Forms dense microbial mats in hot springs with a high sulphide content

37
Q

Phylum 7 - Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota)

A

• 2nd largest group of bacteria
• 1534 species or 32.3% of all known bacteria
• All gram negative
• Purple phototrophic, Nitrifying bacteria and Enteric bacteria as well as the bacteria responsible for animal bioluminescenc
• Purple Phototrophic Bacteria, Nitrifying bacteria, Spirilla, Methanotrophs, Acetic Acid Bacteria, Free-living Aerobic Nitrogen Fixers, Enteric Bacteria, Bioluminescent and related bacteria and Rickettsias.

38
Q

Enteric bacteria (Phylum Proteobacteria/Pseudomonadota)

A
  • Inc. Escherichia
  • Gram negative
  • Non-sporulating
  • Non-motile or motile by peritrichous flagella
  • Facultative anaerboes
  • Oxidase-negative with relatively simple nutritional requirements
  • End products e.i. fermenting sugars
39
Q

Genus Escherichia (Phylum Pseudomonadota)

A
  • universal inhabitants of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals – non-dominant
  • play nutritional role in the intestinal tract by synthesizing vitamins – vit. K
  • facultative anaerobe – help consume oxygen = rendering the large intestine anoxic
  • meosphilic
  • opt. temp. 37-39°C
40
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • Bacillus bacterium with a straight, rod-like form
  • 04-0.7 um (1-3 um) in size
  • Organized singly or in pairs in the cell structure
  • Motile strain of bacteria
41
Q

Phylum 7 - Firmicutes

A
  • Single largest grouping of bacteria
  • Contains somewhat elss diversity than the proteobacteria
  • 2475 species in 255 genera, 40% of are in just 6 genera
  • Genus Lactobacillus – 100 sp.
  • Genus Mycoplasma – 110 sp.
  • Genus Bacillus – 114 sp.
  • Genus Clostridium – 146 sp.
  • Genus Streptomyces – 509 sp.
  • All gram positive
  • Further divided according to their GC ratio
  • GC ratio - ratio of Guanine and Cytosine to Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine in the cell, thus a GC ratio = G+C divided by G+C+A+T times 100
  • Firmicutes are either High GC or Low GC
42
Q

Genus Micrococcus (Phylum Firmicutes)

A
  • Globally-distributed genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae
  • 0.5-3.5 m-diameter
  • Gram-positive cocci
  • non-motile
  • mesophilic
  • chemoheterotroph
  • producing acid from glucose only aerobically.
  • forms tetrad or irregular clusters.
    *
43
Q

Genus Lactobacilli (Phylum Firmicutes)

A
  • Gram positive
  • Non-motile
  • Tiny, slender bacilli
  • Found in chains
  • facultative anaerobic growing at temperature between 30-40°C.
  • Young colonies have a smooth, convex, and translucent appearance
  • In addition to hydrolyzing esculin and fermenting carbohydrates, organisms are microaerophilic or anaerobic
  • Rod-shaped (long and slender to short, bent rods)
  • more resistant to acidic conditions than are the other lactic acid bacteria – can grow at pH values as low as 4
  • Oxidase- and catalase-negative
  • selectively isolated from natural materials by use of an acidic rich carbohydrate-containing medium such as tomato juice-peptone agar
43
Q

Genus Clostridium (Phylum FIrmicutes)

A
  • Anaerobic energy-yielding mechanims
  • Ferment sugars, producing butyric acid as major end product
  • Pleomorphic
  • Spore-forming
  • Non-motile or peritrichous
  • Mesophilic chemoorganotroph
  • Grows at 5.5-9 pH
  • Contains stricly anaerobic, fermentative organisms
  • gram-positive
  • spore-forming
  • family Clostridiaceae
  • rod-shaped
  • grouped in pairs or small chains
  • vegetative cells are formed
  • Most species are obligate anaerobes – some can grow in aerobic environments or are aerotolerant.
44
Q

Genus Mycoplasma (Phylum Firmicutes)

A
  • Without cell wall – gram negative
  • Clearly phylogenetically related to low GC, gram positive bacteria
  • Small
  • Non-motile
  • Highly pleomorphic
  • Small coccoid elements, large, swollen forms, and filamentous forms of variable lengths, often high-branched
  • Most use carbohydrates as energy source
  • Require a range of vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines as growth factors.
  • Some are strictly respiratory
  • Others facultative or even obligate anaerobes
  • mesophilic
45
Q

Genus Mycobacterium (Phylum Firmicutes)

A
  • Pleomorphic
  • Branching or filamentous growth
  • Growth often occurs in simple mineral salts medium with ammonium as nitrogen source ; glycerol/acetate as sole carbon source
46
Q

Phylum 9 - Plactomyces and Allies

A
  • Chlamydiaceae is the smaller of the two families in this phylum, containing only 3 species all in the genus Chlamydia.
  • All three are obligate parasites of warm-blooded animals;
  • C. trachomatis and
  • C. pneumoniae of humans and
  • C. psittaci of birds and occasionally mammals, including humans.
  • All are pathogenic.
47
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis (Phylum Plactomyces and Allies)

A

causes trachoma the leading cause of blindness in humans, as well as otitis, a non-gonococcal urethritis, urethral inflammation, Lymphogranuloma venereum and cervicitis.

48
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae (Phylum Plactomyces and Allies)

A

causes a variety of respiratory problems similar to pneumonia.

49
Q

Chlamydia psittaci (Phylum Plactomyces and Allies)

A

causes epidemic Psittacosis in birds, particularly parrots, as well as pneumonia, arthritis and conjunctivitis in young mammals such as kittens, calves, foals and piglets.

49
Q

Genus Planctomyces (Phylum Plactomyces and Allies)

A
  • Gram-facultatively anaerobic chemoorganotrophic spherical bacteria
  • 1-1.5 um long
  • Most are mesophilic and few are thermophiles
  • Flagella used in locomotion
  • Reproduced by budding
  • Also phylogenetically “stalked” or “appendaged”
  • Lack peptidoglycan in its cell wall
  • Fresh, marine, and brackish water samples all include them.
  • Procreate through budding
  • Ovoid in shape
  • Have a holdfast, known as the stalk, at the non-reproductive end that aids in their attachment to one another during budding.
  • Freshwater, saltwater, cattle manure, garbage dumps, rice paddies
50
Q

Family Plactomycetaceae (Phylum Planctomycetes and Allies)

A
  • small but distinct group of bacteria.
  • reproduce talk, unlike that in Caulobacter, is made of protein
  • budding bacteria
  • stalk is used as means of attachment to substrates
  • primarly aquatic aerobic chemoorganotrophs
  • 4 genera, 10 species
  • Genera: Pirellula, Planctomyces, Gemmata and Isophaera a gliding filamentous form.
  • Little is known about the ecology of any of these genera.
50
Q

Genus Spirochaeta (Phylum Spirochetes)

A

common in ponds and lakes.
Some species are endosymbionts of animals such as termites.

50
Q

Phylum 10 - Spirochetes

A
  • Gram negative
  • Chemoheterotrophic
  • Mesophilic
  • Most ae tighly-coiled, long, and in slender in shape
  • One or more flagella (up to 100) at the end of their cells – when rotated, allows for movement
  • Larger species can be 0.25 mm long, while being only 0.00075 mm in diameter Spirochaeta flicatilis.
  • Genera: Spirochaeta, Treponema, Leptospira, Leptonema, Borrelia
50
Q

Genus Cirstispira (Phylum Spirochetes)

A

only one species which lives generally within the ‘style’ of molluscs such as clams and oysters.

50
Q

Genus Treponema (Phylum Spirochetes)

A
  • contains one of the few spirochetes to be pathogenic to humans, T. pallidum which causes syphilis in humans.
  • T. denticola, T. macrodentium and T. oralis all live in the human mouth where teeth and gums meet.
  • Other species of Treponema such as T. saccharophilum are commensals in the rumen of cattle.
50
Q

Genera Leptospira and Leptonema (Phylum Spirochetes)

A
  • two aerobic genera of spirochetes.
  • Leptospira interrogans is an internal parasite of mammals.
  • It is normally found in rodents but can infect both humans and dogs.
  • In humans it most commonly causes leptospirosis, a disease of the kidneys which can be fatal.
  • Obligate aerobic, extremely thin, tightly-coling spirochetes
  • Distinguished by a special sort of flexuous movement.
  • Inc. pathogenic leptospire L. interrogans, and free-living leptospire L. iblexa
51
Q

Genus Borreila (Phylum Spirochetes)

A
  • microaerophilic and contains the most pathogenic of the spirochetes and most species in this genus are parasites in animals.
  • Periplasmic flagella (endoflagella), located in the periplasmic area between the outer membrane and protoplamic cylinder,
  • Drive long, flexible, helical-shaped cells
  • “spirochetes”
  • Their internal structure is what causes its distinctive corkscrew motion
  • Super thin peptidoglycan layer enclosed in an outer membrane.
51
Q

Borrelia recurrentis (Phylum Spirochetes)

A
  • causes relapsing fever in humans, it is commonly transmitted via the body louse.
52
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi (Phylum Spirochetes)

A
  • causes Lyme disease which is transmitted by ticks.
  • of interest scientifically because it is one of the very few exceptions to the rule that ‘bacteria have circular DNA’. In other words, its DNA is linear, a characteristic normally only seen in Eukaryotes.
53
Q

Phylum 11 - Fibrobacteres

A
  • small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria,
  • allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose (cellulolytic) in ruminant animals.
54
Q

Genus Fibrobacter (Phylum Fibrobacteres)

A
  • No genuine cell wall – instead, a distinct cell envelope structure
  • gram-negative
  • have several flagella throughout their length – aids in their mobility
  • cytoplasm is prominently home to fibrogranules – big, dense structures involved in the breakdown of cellulose.
  • Gram negative,
  • chemoheterotrophic,
  • anaerobic,
  • mesophilic rod-shaped bacterium.
  • non-motile.
55
Q

Phylum 12 - Bacteroides

A
  • 130 species in 20 genera
  • third largest phylum of bacteria.
  • both obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes.
56
Q

Genus Bacteroides (Phylum Bacteriodes)

A
  • commensals living in the guts of animals and as such are obligate anaerobes.
  • Gram negative,
  • heterotrophic and
  • mesophilic non-motile rods.
  • most common bacteria in the human large intestine where 1010 to 1011 cells can occur per gram of feces.
  • Some species can also be pathogenic causing gastrointestinal disorders.
57
Q

Genus Cytophaga (Phylum Sphingobacteria)

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Rod-shaped
  • Move by gliding – flagellis not necessary for motility.
58
Q

Genus Flavobacterium (Phylum 17 - Flavobacterium)

A
  • Rod-shaped bacilli
  • Range in size from tiny-medium
  • Form brief chains or clusters
  • Frequently encountered as single cells, in pairs, or together
  • Gram-negative cell wall is made up of an inner plasma membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outside layer.
  • Primarily aquatic species
  • Found in food processing plants
  • Chemoorganotrophic
  • Mesophilic
  • Aerobic
  • Non-motile rods
  • About 0.5 x 1.3 um in size
  • F. meningosepticum is believed to be a cause of infant meningitis.
    *
59
Q

Phylum 14 - Sphingobacteria (Genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga)

A
  • genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga are long gliding rods in form.
  • widespread soil species with the habit of attaching themselves to cellulose strands before digesting them.
  • Both are strict/obligate aerobes and are ecologically important as cellulose degraders in aerobic environments
60
Q

Genus Cytophaga (Phylum Sphingobacteria)

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Rod-shaped
  • Move by gliding – flagella is not necessary for motility.
  • Chemoorganotrophic
  • Mesophilic
  • pathogenic (cause disease) in fish, ie C. columnaris causes Columnaris disease and C. psychrophila causes cold-water disease.
60
Q

Phylum 15 - Fusobacteria

A
  • small phylum of bacteria most of which occur in the genus Fusobacterium.
  • Gram negative,
  • heterotrophic,
  • mesophilic,
  • anaerobic non-motile filamentous bacteria which secondary colonists on the dental plaque on your teeth, after it has been formed by species of Streptomyces, thus thickening and reinforcing the bacterial attack on your teeth.
61
Q

Genus Fusobacterium (Phylum Fusobacteria)

A
  • Opportunistic pathogens – in the normal flora of humans and other animals.
  • As a result, numerous animals may grow into experimental models of infection.
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum – most frequent species in animal infections
  • Non-sporulating
  • Slender, tapered-end bacilli
  • Gram-negative
  • Anaerobic
62
Q

Phylum 16 Verrucomicrobia

A
  • recently described phylum of bacteria.
  • contains only a described species (Verrucomicrobium spinosum, is an example, the phylum is named after this).
  • Gram negative,
  • heterotrophic,
  • mesophilic,
  • facultatively anaerobic non-motile pleomorphic bacterium.
  • reproduces by budding.
  • from fresh water and soil environments and human feces.
  • appendaged bacterium utilizing its prosthecae to stick to the cells of its host.
  • abundant within the environment, and important (especially to soil cultures).
  • two sister phyla Chlamydiae and Lentisphaerae.
  • A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes. It is the cause of veruccae on the feet and hands.
63
Q

Genus Verrucomicrobium (Phylum Verrucomicrobia)

A
  • Glycoside hydrolases are abundant in verrucomicrobia
  • In the upper lake layers have a unique class of genes for cytochrome c synthesis that are typically thought to be specific to the phylum Planctomycetes.
  • This is an observation of great interest given the evolutionary relationships of verrucomicrobia within the PVC superphylm.
64
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Shape: round
Arrangements: clusters
Gram-reaction: positive
Phylum Firmicutes
Class Bacilli
Order Bacillales
Family Staphylococcaceae
Genus Staphylococcus
Species Aureus

65
Q

Bacillus sp.

A

Shape: rod-shaped
ArrangementsL cahins
Gram-reactin: positive
Phylum Bacillota
Class Bacilli
Order Bacillales
Family Bacillaceae
Genus Bacillus
Species Subtillis

66
Q

Spirillum sp.

A

Shape: spiral or helical
Arrangements: single
Gram-reaction: negative
Phylum Pseudomonadota
Class Betaproteobacteria
Order Nitrosomonadales
Family Spirillaceae
Genus Spirillum
Species Voutans

67
Q

Streptococcus sp.

A

Shape: round
Arrangements: chains
Gram-reaction: positive
Phylum Bacillota
Class Bacilli
Order Lactobacillales
Family Streptococcaceae
Genus Streptococcus
Species Anginosus

68
Q

Thermus strains

A

• No strain of Thermus appears to be capable of fermentation
• Thermus strains use several substrates for growth, including carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and peptides
• Thermus strains often use monosaccharides as a source for single carbons, though typically pentoses is not metabolized.
• Most Icelandic strains use sucrose and maltose, though two strains use glucose.
• The proteins hydrolyzed vary by the isolates as well; while elastin, fibrin, and casein are used by many high- temperature strains of Thermus, nitrate is used as a terminal electron strains, some are unable to hydrolyze each substrate
• Thermus grows anaerobically in the presence (but not in the absence) of it.

BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY (8 decks)

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