DOMAIN EUBACTERIA Flashcards

Question

• Thermophilic bacterium • Gram negative • Either immotile or possess flagella and are motile • More active at higher temperatures • More thermostable than most other enzymes • Optimum growth temperature of 70°C-75 °C (min: 37-45°C, max: 79°C) • Though some have lower growth temperatures of about 60°C (min: 35-40°C, max: 70°C) • High temperature Thermus pH ranges 7.5-8.0, though strains grow as low as 5.1 and as high as 9.5

Answer 1

Genus Thermus (Phylum Xenobacteria)

Answer 2

• Gram-negative bacterial cell structure with a tripartite cell envelope consisting of a plasma membrane, thin middle layer, and a thicker, irregular outer layer. • Where the enzyme Taq DNA comes from – major enzyme used in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques or amplifying DNA • A complete tricaboxylic acid cycle, giving a glyoxylate bypass as well with isocitrate lyase and malate synthase.

Answer 3

• Curved, rod-shaped • 1.0-2.0 um in length and 0.50-0.75 um in diameter. • Gram-negative • Strictly anaerobic • Motile through a single polar flaggellum. • Has unique lifestyle and biochemistry • Chemolithoautotroph – uses chemical means to digest rock for energy and does not require organic matter for its existence • It eats arsenic • respires with the most oxidized form of arsenic, arsenate • acetate as ellectron donor • these organisms use arsenite, an oxidized form of arsenic, as an electron donor to create energy. • In environments rich in arsenite - anoxic arsenic-contaminated sediments of Lake Coeur D'Alene in Idaho , or in a gold mine in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Answer 4

• This is a small phylum of chemotrophic and autotrophic bacteria. • The two best studied genera are Thermomicrobium and Chloroflexus

Answer 5

• Contains 2 gram negative chemotrophic species • Lipids form neither ester linkages like other bacteria, nor linkages like the Archaea and Eukarya • the lipids are made up of 1,2-dialcohols instead of glycerol.

Answer 6

• thermophilic, • filamentous, • Gram negative, • anoxygenic phototroph • Grow at temperature 35°C-70°C • inhabitant of neutral to alkaline hot springs where it often forms thick mats. • Photosynthesis is carried out via bacteriochlorophyll a. • Chloroflexus spp. can also grow in the dark by means of chemo-organotrophic by aerobic respiration • an ancient genus with a photosynthetic metabolism that is part way between that of the Purple Bacteria and the Green Sulphur Bacteria. • Some scientists think Chloroflexus may be one of the earliest photosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 7

• Can survive in the dark if oxygen is available • When grown in the dark, it has a dark orange color. • When grown in sunlight, it is dark green.

Answer 8

• Photosynthetic – use the sun’s energy to make food for themselves • second organisms in existence, because they give off oxygen as a byproduct. • allowed aerobic organisms (ones that need oxygen to survive) to develop • found in the water and were once thought to be blue-green algae (however, they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and chloroplasts). • have blue and green coloration • green color comes from their chlorophyll • blue color comes from a photosynthetic accessory pigment called phycocyanin. • Some cyanobacteria have a different accessory pigment called phycoerythrin. This is red and combined with the green chlorophyll gives these cyanobacteria a brown colour • Found in soil, on rocks, freshwater • in the desert where they remain dormant for most of the time, taking advantage of the occasional rains. • In aquatic environments they often form thick mats. • higher tolerance of heat and low pH values than green plants, so they are often the main autotrophs in hot springs. • Finally, a number of cyanobacteria have formed symbioses with other organisms such as liverworts, ferns and cycads, however, their best-known symbiosis is with various fungi to form numerous lichens. • probably the first organisms on earth to release oxygen into the atmosphere, in this way they would have played a major role in making the planet suitable for animals like ourselves. • Important genera include Stigonema, Nostoc, Anabaena, and Hapalosiphon.

Answer 9

• Filamentous with solitary filaments • In free clusters or in macroscopic mats • Cells are cylindrical, longer than wide (2-10 um in diameter) • Pale or bright blue-green or olive-green. • heterocyst-forming, photoautotrophic cyanobacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis • grow in long filaments of vegetative cells. • During times of low environmental nitrogen, about one cell out of every ten will differentiate into a heterocyst. Heterocysts then supply neighboring cells with fixed nitrogen in return for the products of photosynthesis, that they can no longer perform. • This separation of functions is essential because the nitrogen fixing enzyme in heterocysts, nitrogenase, is unstable in the presence of oxygen. • Due to the necessity of keeping nitrogenase isolated from oxygen, heterocysts have developed elements to maintain a low level of oxygen within the cell. • To prevent the entrance of oxygen into the cell, the developing heterocyst builds three additional layers outside the cell wall, giving it its characteristic enlarged and rounded appearance, thus the rate of oxygen diffusion into heterocysts is 100 times lower than of vegetative cells. • One layer creates an envelope polysaccharide layer where the nitrogen is fixed in an oxygen-restricted milieu. • To lower the amount of oxygen within the cell, the presence of photosystem II is eliminated, and the rate of respiration is stepped up to use up excess oxygen.

Answer 10

• Small phylum of 17 species sometimes referred to as Green Sulphur Bacteria • Obligately anaerobic phototrophic species • Most species contain bacteriochlorophyll a and either c, d, or e • Light energy trapped by bacteriochlorophyll c, d, and e is channeled to the bacteriochlorophyll a – site of photosynthesis

Answer 11

• Obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic • Includes green sulfur bacteria • Are photolithotropic oxidizers of sulfur • Utilize a noncyclic electron transport chain • Gram negative • Non motile • Straight or curved rod • Grows at pH 6-7 • Some have the interesting habit of “consorting” with other larger non-phototrophic bacteria • Chlrobium spp, will be in consort with a single non-chlorobium cell • Consortia – aggregations ; ore than just casual groupings because both Chlorobium and non chlorobium cells divide at the same time • Sci. don’t know the ecological significance of consortia

Answer 12

• Thermophilic species • Forms dense microbial mats in hot springs with a high sulphide content

Answer 13

• 2nd largest group of bacteria • 1534 species or 32.3% of all known bacteria • All gram negative • Purple phototrophic, Nitrifying bacteria and Enteric bacteria as well as the bacteria responsible for animal bioluminescenc • Purple Phototrophic Bacteria, Nitrifying bacteria, Spirilla, Methanotrophs, Acetic Acid Bacteria, Free-living Aerobic Nitrogen Fixers, Enteric Bacteria, Bioluminescent and related bacteria and Rickettsias.

Answer 14

* Inc. Escherichia * Gram negative * Non-sporulating * Non-motile or motile by peritrichous flagella * Facultative anaerboes * Oxidase-negative with relatively simple nutritional requirements * End products e.i. fermenting sugars

Answer 15

* universal inhabitants of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals – non-dominant * play nutritional role in the intestinal tract by synthesizing vitamins – vit. K * facultative anaerobe – help consume oxygen = rendering the large intestine anoxic * meosphilic * opt. temp. 37-39°C

Answer 16

* Bacillus bacterium with a straight, rod-like form * 04-0.7 um (1-3 um) in size * Organized singly or in pairs in the cell structure * Motile strain of bacteria

Answer 17

* Single largest grouping of bacteria * Contains somewhat elss diversity than the proteobacteria * 2475 species in 255 genera, 40% of are in just 6 genera * Genus Lactobacillus – 100 sp. * Genus Mycoplasma – 110 sp. * Genus Bacillus – 114 sp. * Genus Clostridium – 146 sp. * Genus Streptomyces – 509 sp. * All gram positive * Further divided according to their GC ratio * GC ratio - ratio of Guanine and Cytosine to Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine in the cell, thus a GC ratio = G+C divided by G+C+A+T times 100 * Firmicutes are either High GC or Low GC

Answer 18

* Globally-distributed genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae * 0.5-3.5 m-diameter * Gram-positive cocci * non-motile * mesophilic * chemoheterotroph * producing acid from glucose only aerobically. * forms tetrad or irregular clusters. *

Answer 19

* Gram positive * Non-motile * Tiny, slender bacilli * Found in chains * facultative anaerobic growing at temperature between 30-40°C. * Young colonies have a smooth, convex, and translucent appearance * In addition to hydrolyzing esculin and fermenting carbohydrates, organisms are microaerophilic or anaerobic * Rod-shaped (long and slender to short, bent rods) * more resistant to acidic conditions than are the other lactic acid bacteria – can grow at pH values as low as 4 * Oxidase- and catalase-negative * selectively isolated from natural materials by use of an acidic rich carbohydrate-containing medium such as tomato juice-peptone agar

Answer 20

* Anaerobic energy-yielding mechanims * Ferment sugars, producing butyric acid as major end product * Pleomorphic * Spore-forming * Non-motile or peritrichous * Mesophilic chemoorganotroph * Grows at 5.5-9 pH * Contains stricly anaerobic, fermentative organisms * gram-positive * spore-forming * family Clostridiaceae * rod-shaped * grouped in pairs or small chains * vegetative cells are formed * Most species are obligate anaerobes – some can grow in aerobic environments or are aerotolerant.

Answer 21

* Without cell wall – gram negative * Clearly phylogenetically related to low GC, gram positive bacteria * Small * Non-motile * Highly pleomorphic * Small coccoid elements, large, swollen forms, and filamentous forms of variable lengths, often high-branched * Most use carbohydrates as energy source * Require a range of vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines as growth factors. * Some are strictly respiratory * Others facultative or even obligate anaerobes * mesophilic

Answer 22

* Pleomorphic * Branching or filamentous growth * Growth often occurs in simple mineral salts medium with ammonium as nitrogen source ; glycerol/acetate as sole carbon source

Answer 23

* Chlamydiaceae is the smaller of the two families in this phylum, containing only 3 species all in the genus Chlamydia. * All three are obligate parasites of warm-blooded animals; * C. trachomatis and * C. pneumoniae of humans and * C. psittaci of birds and occasionally mammals, including humans. * All are pathogenic.

Answer 24

causes trachoma the leading cause of blindness in humans, as well as otitis, a non-gonococcal urethritis, urethral inflammation, Lymphogranuloma venereum and cervicitis.

Answer 25

causes a variety of respiratory problems similar to pneumonia.

Answer 26

causes epidemic Psittacosis in birds, particularly parrots, as well as pneumonia, arthritis and conjunctivitis in young mammals such as kittens, calves, foals and piglets.

Answer 27

* Gram-facultatively anaerobic chemoorganotrophic spherical bacteria * 1-1.5 um long * Most are mesophilic and few are thermophiles * Flagella used in locomotion * Reproduced by budding * Also phylogenetically “stalked” or “appendaged” * Lack peptidoglycan in its cell wall * Fresh, marine, and brackish water samples all include them. * Procreate through budding * Ovoid in shape * Have a holdfast, known as the stalk, at the non-reproductive end that aids in their attachment to one another during budding. * Freshwater, saltwater, cattle manure, garbage dumps, rice paddies

Answer 28

* small but distinct group of bacteria. * reproduce talk, unlike that in Caulobacter, is made of protein * budding bacteria * stalk is used as means of attachment to substrates * primarly aquatic aerobic chemoorganotrophs * 4 genera, 10 species * Genera: Pirellula, Planctomyces, Gemmata and Isophaera a gliding filamentous form. * Little is known about the ecology of any of these genera.

Answer 29

common in ponds and lakes. Some species are endosymbionts of animals such as termites.

Answer 30

* Gram negative * Chemoheterotrophic * Mesophilic * Most ae tighly-coiled, long, and in slender in shape * One or more flagella (up to 100) at the end of their cells – when rotated, allows for movement * Larger species can be 0.25 mm long, while being only 0.00075 mm in diameter Spirochaeta flicatilis. * Genera: Spirochaeta, Treponema, Leptospira, Leptonema, Borrelia

Answer 31

only one species which lives generally within the 'style' of molluscs such as clams and oysters.

Answer 32

* contains one of the few spirochetes to be pathogenic to humans, T. pallidum which causes syphilis in humans. * T. denticola, T. macrodentium and T. oralis all live in the human mouth where teeth and gums meet. * Other species of Treponema such as T. saccharophilum are commensals in the rumen of cattle.

Answer 33

* two aerobic genera of spirochetes. * Leptospira interrogans is an internal parasite of mammals. * It is normally found in rodents but can infect both humans and dogs. * In humans it most commonly causes leptospirosis, a disease of the kidneys which can be fatal. * Obligate aerobic, extremely thin, tightly-coling spirochetes * Distinguished by a special sort of flexuous movement. * Inc. pathogenic leptospire L. interrogans, and free-living leptospire L. iblexa

Answer 34

* microaerophilic and contains the most pathogenic of the spirochetes and most species in this genus are parasites in animals. * Periplasmic flagella (endoflagella), located in the periplasmic area between the outer membrane and protoplamic cylinder, * Drive long, flexible, helical-shaped cells * “spirochetes” * Their internal structure is what causes its distinctive corkscrew motion * Super thin peptidoglycan layer enclosed in an outer membrane.

Answer 35

* causes relapsing fever in humans, it is commonly transmitted via the body louse.

Answer 36

* causes Lyme disease which is transmitted by ticks. * of interest scientifically because it is one of the very few exceptions to the rule that 'bacteria have circular DNA'. In other words, its DNA is linear, a characteristic normally only seen in Eukaryotes.

Answer 37

* small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, * allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose (cellulolytic) in ruminant animals.

Answer 38

* No genuine cell wall – instead, a distinct cell envelope structure * gram-negative * have several flagella throughout their length – aids in their mobility * cytoplasm is prominently home to fibrogranules – big, dense structures involved in the breakdown of cellulose. * Gram negative, * chemoheterotrophic, * anaerobic, * mesophilic rod-shaped bacterium. * non-motile.

Answer 39

* 130 species in 20 genera * third largest phylum of bacteria. * both obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes.

Answer 40

* commensals living in the guts of animals and as such are obligate anaerobes. * Gram negative, * heterotrophic and * mesophilic non-motile rods. * most common bacteria in the human large intestine where 1010 to 1011 cells can occur per gram of feces. * Some species can also be pathogenic causing gastrointestinal disorders.

Answer 41

* Gram-negative * Rod-shaped * Move by gliding – flagellis not necessary for motility.

Answer 42

* Rod-shaped bacilli * Range in size from tiny-medium * Form brief chains or clusters * Frequently encountered as single cells, in pairs, or together * Gram-negative cell wall is made up of an inner plasma membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outside layer. * Primarily aquatic species * Found in food processing plants * Chemoorganotrophic * Mesophilic * Aerobic * Non-motile rods * About 0.5 x 1.3 um in size * F. meningosepticum is believed to be a cause of infant meningitis. *

Answer 43

* genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga are long gliding rods in form. * widespread soil species with the habit of attaching themselves to cellulose strands before digesting them. * Both are strict/obligate aerobes and are ecologically important as cellulose degraders in aerobic environments

Answer 44

* Gram-negative * Rod-shaped * Move by gliding – flagella is not necessary for motility. * Chemoorganotrophic * Mesophilic * pathogenic (cause disease) in fish, ie C. columnaris causes Columnaris disease and C. psychrophila causes cold-water disease.

Answer 45

* small phylum of bacteria most of which occur in the genus Fusobacterium. * Gram negative, * heterotrophic, * mesophilic, * anaerobic non-motile filamentous bacteria which secondary colonists on the dental plaque on your teeth, after it has been formed by species of Streptomyces, thus thickening and reinforcing the bacterial attack on your teeth.

Answer 46

* Opportunistic pathogens – in the normal flora of humans and other animals. * As a result, numerous animals may grow into experimental models of infection. * Fusobacterium necrophorum – most frequent species in animal infections * Non-sporulating * Slender, tapered-end bacilli * Gram-negative * Anaerobic

Answer 47

* recently described phylum of bacteria. * contains only a described species (Verrucomicrobium spinosum, is an example, the phylum is named after this). * Gram negative, * heterotrophic, * mesophilic, * facultatively anaerobic non-motile pleomorphic bacterium. * reproduces by budding. * from fresh water and soil environments and human feces. * appendaged bacterium utilizing its prosthecae to stick to the cells of its host. * abundant within the environment, and important (especially to soil cultures). * two sister phyla Chlamydiae and Lentisphaerae. * A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes. It is the cause of veruccae on the feet and hands.

Answer 48

* Glycoside hydrolases are abundant in verrucomicrobia * In the upper lake layers have a unique class of genes for cytochrome c synthesis that are typically thought to be specific to the phylum Planctomycetes. * This is an observation of great interest given the evolutionary relationships of verrucomicrobia within the PVC superphylm.

Answer 49

Shape: round Arrangements: clusters Gram-reaction: positive Phylum Firmicutes Class Bacilli Order Bacillales Family Staphylococcaceae Genus Staphylococcus Species Aureus

Answer 50

Shape: rod-shaped ArrangementsL cahins Gram-reactin: positive Phylum Bacillota Class Bacilli Order Bacillales Family Bacillaceae Genus Bacillus Species Subtillis

Answer 51

Shape: spiral or helical Arrangements: single Gram-reaction: negative Phylum Pseudomonadota Class Betaproteobacteria Order Nitrosomonadales Family Spirillaceae Genus Spirillum Species Voutans

Answer 52

Shape: round Arrangements: chains Gram-reaction: positive Phylum Bacillota Class Bacilli Order Lactobacillales Family Streptococcaceae Genus Streptococcus Species Anginosus

Answer 53

• No strain of Thermus appears to be capable of fermentation • Thermus strains use several substrates for growth, including carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and peptides • Thermus strains often use monosaccharides as a source for single carbons, though typically pentoses is not metabolized. • Most Icelandic strains use sucrose and maltose, though two strains use glucose. • The proteins hydrolyzed vary by the isolates as well; while elastin, fibrin, and casein are used by many high- temperature strains of Thermus, nitrate is used as a terminal electron strains, some are unable to hydrolyze each substrate • Thermus grows anaerobically in the presence (but not in the absence) of it.