BACTERIAL PHYLA Flashcards by Jasmine Juit

small group
thermohpilic-hyperthermophilic, chemolithotrophic
hot environments
obligate anaerboes except G. Aquifex

Phylum 1- Aquificae

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derive their energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules

chemolithotrophic

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G -
can live 95 C
GOT 85 C
thermophilic and hyperthermophilic
chemolithoautotrophs - Kreb’s for CO2 fixation
hydrothermal environments
aerobic, only low quantities of O2
non-sporulating
motile
metabolic versatility
H2S or S2O32 (thiosulfate) as energy source/substrate

G. Aquifex

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phylum if Genus Aquifex

Aquificae

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aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria
best studied: G. Thermus G. Deinococcus

Phylum 2 - Xenobacteria

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G -
thermophilic
immotile/motile w/ flagella
more activte at higher temp.
more thermostable than most other enzymes
GOT 70 C-75 C (min: 37-45 C, max: 79 C)
some w/ lower GOT, ~6O C (min: 35-40 C, max: 70 C)
GOpH 7.5-8.0
GOpH for thermus trains 5.1-9.5

G. Thermus

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Genus Thermus
Genus Deinococcus

Genera of Phylum Xenobacteria

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incapable of fermentation
growth substrates: carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and peptides
monosaccharide - source for single carbons ; pentoses not metabolized
most Icelandic strains - use sucrose and & maltose, 2 strains - glucose
proteins hydrolyzed vary by the isolates
elastin, fibrin, and casein - used by many high temp. strains
Nitrate - terminal electron strains
grows anaerobically in the presence but not in the absence of nitrate.

Thermus Strains

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G -
cell structure w/ tripartite cell envelope
tripartite CE - plasma membrane, thin middle layer, thicker, irregular outer layer.
produces Taq DNA
complete Kreb’s cycle - glyoxylate bypass, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase

Thermus aquaticus

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major enzyme used in Polymerase Chain Reactio (PCR) techniques for amplifying DNA

Taq DNA

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G -
curved, rod
1-2 um length, 0.5-0.75 um dm
chemolithoautotroph
obligate anaerobe
motile w/ monotrichous
unique lifestyle & biochemistry
eats arsenic
arsenate for respiration ; most oxidized form of arsenic
acetate & arsenite - electron donors for energy
environments rich in arsenite

Chrysiogenes arsenatis (Phylum 3 - Chrysiogenetes)

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small phylum
chemotrophic & autotrophic
best studied genera: Thermomicrobium & Chloroflexus

Phylum 4 - Thermomicrobium

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2 G - chemotrophic species
lipids made up of 1,2-dialcohols instead of glycerol

Genus Thermomicrobium

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G -
thermophilic
filamentous
anoxygenic phototroph (do not produce O2)
GOT 35-70 C
in alkaline hot springs - thick mats
photosynthesis carried out via bacteriochlorophyll a
grows in the dark by chemo-organotrophic by aerobic respiration
ancient genus w/ photosynthetic metabolism
part way b/w the Purple and Green Sulphur Bacteria
may be one of the earliest photosynthetic bacteria

Genus Chloroflexus

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survive in the dark if O2 is available
grew in the dark - dark orange
grew in sunlight - dark green

Chloroflexus auranticus

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photosynthetic
2nd org in ext. - produces O2 as byproduct
allowed aerobic organisms to develop
in water
once thought to be blue-green alage
green from chlorophyll
blue from phycocyanin
phycoerythrin - red ; red+green = brown (some)
soils, rock, freshwater
in desert - dormant most of the time
in aqua. env. - thick mats
high tolerance of heat and low pH = main autotrophs in hot springs
symbioses with liverworts, cycads, and ferns
fungi - best/known symbiosis ; produces lichens
1st org. to release O2 into the atmosphere

Phylum 5 - Cyanobacteria

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SNAH
- Stigonema
- Nostoc
- Anabaena
- Hapalosiphon

Important genera of Phylum 5 - Cyanobacteria

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Filamentous w/ solitary filaments
free clusters/macrscopic mats
cylindrical, longer than wide (2-10 um in dm)
pale/bright blue-green or olive-green
heterocyst-forming
photoautotrophic > oxygenic photosynthesis
in long filaments of vegetative cells

Genus Anabaena

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Durng times of low env. nitrogen, 1/10 cells -> heterocyst
supplies neighbouring cells with fixed nitrogen for products of photosynthesis (can no longer perform)
nitrogenase is unstable in the presence of O2, O2 na nitrogen must be separated
heterocycts maintain a low level of O2 within the cell
builds 3 additional layers outside the cell wall = enlarged & rounded apperance
the rate of O2 diffusion into heterocycts is 100 times lwoer than of vegetative cells
1 layer creates an envelope polysaccharide layer - nitrogen is fixed in an oxygen-restricted milleu
to lower O2 within the cell, photosystem II is eliminated, and the rat of respiration is increased.

Heterocysts

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small phylum
17 species
“Green Sulphur Bacteria”
contain bacteriochlorophyll a & c/d/e
LE trapped by BC c, d, & e is chanelled to BC a
BC a- site of photosynthesis

Phylum 6 - Chlorobia

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G -
obligate anaerobe
photoautotrophic
inc. green sulphur bacteria
photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur
uti. noncyclic ETC
non-motile
stagith/curved rod
GOpH 6-7
habit of “consorting” with other larger, non-phototrophic bacteria

Genus Chlorobium

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will be in consrt with a single non-chlorobium cell

Chlorobium spp.

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aggregation
more than just casual groupings because both Chlorobium and non-Chlorobium cekks divide at the same time
unknown ecological signifiance

Consortia

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thermophilic
formes dense microbial mats in hot springs with a high sulphide content

Chlorobium tepidum

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- G - - 2nd largest group - 1534 species, 32.3% of all known bacteria - Purple Phototrophic Bacteria - Nitrifying Bacteria - Spirilla - Methanotrophs - Acetic Acid Bacteria - Free living Aerobic - Nitrogen Fixers - Enteric Bacteria - Bioluminiscent - Rickettsias

Phylum 7 - Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria)

- inc. Escherichia - G - - non-sporulating - non-motile/motile w/ peritrichous flagella - facultative anaerobes - oxidase-negative - relatively simple nutritional requirements - end products, e.. fermenting sugars

Enteric Bacteria

- in intestinal tract of humans & warm-blooded animals (non-dominant) - nutritional role in the iT - synthesizing vitamins (Vit. K) - facultative anaerobe - help consume O2 = rendering the large intesting, anoxic - mesophilic - GOT 37-39 C

Genus Escherichia

- bacilli - straight, rod-like form - 0.4-0.7 um (1-3 um) in size - singly or in pairs - motile

Escherichia coli

- all G + except G. Mycoplasma - largest group of bacteria - 2475 species - 255 genera - 40% of are in just 6 genera - divided into their GC ratio - either High GC or Low GC

Phylum 8 - Firmicutes

G. Lactobacillus - 100 sp. G. Mycoplasma - 110 sp. G. Bacillus - 114 sp. G. Clostridium - 146 sp. G. Streptomyces - 509 sp. G. Micrococcus

Genera of Firmicutes w/ numer of species each

ratio of Guanine and Cytosine to Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine in the cell (G+C)/(G+C+A+T) x 100

GC Ratio

- spherical - Family Micrococcaceae - 0.5-3.5 m in dm - non-motile mesophilic - chemoheterotroph - aerobically producing acid from glucose - forms tetrad or irregular clusters

Genus Micrococcus

- tiny, slender bacilli (rod-shaped) - non-motile - in chains - facultative anaerobe - GO7 30 C-40 C - young colonies have smooth, convex, and translucent appearance - hydrolyze esculin and ferment carbohydrates - microaerophilic/anaerobic - more resistant to acidic conditions than other lactic acid bacteria - can grow at as low as pH 4 - oxidase & catalase-negative - selectiively soalted from natural materials by use of acidic-rich carbohydrate-containing medium (tomato juice-peptone sugar)

Genus Lactobacilli

- family Clostridicaceae - rod-shaped - in pairs or small chains - pleomorphic - mesophilic chemoorganotroph - non-motile/w/ preitrichous - anaerobic energy-yielding mechanisms - ferment sugar - butyric acid as major end product - vegetative cells are formed - most are obligate anaerobes or aerotolerant - filamentous growth

Genus Clostridium

- G - (without cell wall) - phylogenetically related to low GC, gram + bacteria - small - non-motile - highly pleomorphic - small coccoid elements, large, swollen, filamentous forms or variable lengths, often high-branched - carbohydrates as energy sourrce - growth factors: range of vitamins, amino acids, purines, & pyrimidines - some are stricly respirratory - others are facultative/obligate anaerobes - mesophilic

Genus Mycoplasma

- pleomorphic - branching/filamentous growth - in simple mineral salts medium w/ ammonium as nitrogen source - glycerol/acetate - sole carbon source

Genus Mycobacterium

- Chlamydiaceae - smaller of the 2 families w/ 3 species, all in G. Chlamydia - all 3 are obligate parasites of warm-blooded animals - all sp. under Chlamydiaceae ar pathogenic

Phylum 9 - Planctomyces and Allies

- small but distinct family of bacteria - 4 genera, 10 species - reproduce stalk made of protein - budding bacteria - stalk- means of attachment to substrates - primarly aquatic aerobic chemoorganotrophs - little is known about its ecology

Family Planctomycetaceae

G. Pirellula G. Planctomyces G. Gemmata G. Isophaera - gliding filamentous form

Genera of F. Planctomycetaceae

- G - (w/o peptidoglycan) - facultaitve anaerobe, chemoorganotroph - spherical, ovoid shape - 1-1.5 um long - most - mesophile - few - thermophile - budding reproduction - flagella for locomotion - phylogenetically "stalked"/"appendaged" - fresh, marine, brackish water, saltwater, cattle manure, garbage dumps, rice paddies - stalk at the non-reproductive end - aids in their attachment to one another during budding

Genus Planctomyces

causes a varitey of respiratory problems similar to pneumonia

Chlamydia pnuemoniae

causes trachoma, the leading cause of blindness in humans, as well as otitis, a non-gonooccal urethritis, urethral inflammation, Lymphogranuloma venereum, and cervicits

Chlamydia trachomatis

- in birds, occasionally mammals, including humans - causes epidemic Psttaacosis in birds, particularly parrots, as well as pneumonia, arthritis and conjunctivitis in young mammals such as kittens, calves, foals, and piglets

Chlamydia psittaci

- G - - chemoheterotrophic - mesophilic - most - tightly-coiled, long, slender shape - 1 or more flagella (up to 100) at the end of their cells - movement when flagella are rotated - larger sp. - 0.25 mm long, 0.00075 mm in dm (Spirochaeta flicatilis)

Phylum 10 - Spirochetes

G. Spirochaeta G. Treponema G. Leptospira G. Leptonema G. Borrelia G. Cristispira

Genera under phylum Spirochetes

- common in ponds and lakes - some are endosymbionts of animals, termites

Genus Spirochaeta

- only species (genus) which lvies generally within the "style" of molluscs, clams and oysters

Genus Cristispira

G. Leptospira G. Leptonema

2 aerobic genera of Phylum Spirochetes

an internal parasite of mammals

Leptospira interrogans

- normally found in rodents but can infect both humans and dogs - in humans - leptospirosis - disease of the kidneys which can be fatal - obligate aerobe - extremely thin, tighlt-coiling spirochetes - has special sort of flexous movement - inc. pathogenic leptospire L. interrogans, and free-living leeptospire L. iblexa

Genus Leptospira & Genus Leptonema

- microaerophilic - cont. most pathogenic sp of Spirochetes - most sp. are parasites in animals - periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) - long, flexible, helical-shaped - internal structure - distinctive corkscrew motion - super thin peptidoglycan layer enclosed in outer membrane

Genus Borrelia

causes relapsing fever in humans, commonly transmitted viaa the body louse

Borrelia recurrentis

- Lyme disease - traansmitted by ticks - DNA is linear (only in eukaryotes)

Borrelia burgdorferi

flagella that is located between the outer membrane and protoplasmic cylinder

Periplasmic/Endoflagella

- small phylum - inc. many major rumen bacteria - G. Fibrobacter

Genus Fibrobacter

- G - - no genune cell wall, inst. a distinct cell envelope - several flagella throughout their length for mobility - fbrogranules in cytoplasm - chemoheterotrophic - anaerobe - mesophilic - rod-shaped - non-motile

Phylum 11 - Fibrobacteres

- 3rd largest phylum - 130 sp., 20 genera - obligate aerobes & obligate anaerobes

Phylum 12 - Bacteroides

- G - - commensals in the guts of animals - obligate anaerobes - heterotrophic - mesophilic - non-motile - rods - most common bacteria in human large intestine - 1010-1011 cells per gram of feces - some are pathogenic > GI disorders

Genus Bacteroides

- G - - cell wall - innrer plsma membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outside layer - rod-shaped bacilli - tiny-medium ; 0.5x1.3 um in size - chains/clusters - single cells, in pairs, or together - primarily aquatic sp. - in food-processing plants - chemoorganotrophic - mesophilic - aerobic

Phylum 13 - Flavobacterium

believed to be a cause of infant meningitis

Flavobacterium meningosepticum

- widespread soil species - habitt of attaching to cellulose strands before digesting them - both genera are obligate anaerobes - cellulose degraders in aerobic environments

Phylum 14 - Sphingobacteria

G. Cytophaga G. Sporoocytophaga

2 Genera of P. Sphingobacteria

- G - - rod-shaped - move by gliding - flagella not necessary for motility - chemoorganotrophic - mesophilic - pathogenic

Genus Cytophaga

causes Columnariss dieases

Cytophaga columnaris

causes cold-water disease

Cytophaga psychrophila

- G - - small phylum - most are in G. Fusobacterium - heterotrophic - mesophilic - anaerobic - non-motile - filamentous - secondary colonists on the dental plaque on your teeth - formed by species of Streptomyces - thickens and reinforces the bacterial attack on the teeth

Phylum 15- Fusobacteria

- G - - non-sporulating - slender, tapered-end bacilli - anaerobic - opportunistic pathogen (in the normal flora of humans and animal) - numerous animals may grow into experimental models of infection

Genus Fusobacterium

- G - - recently described phylum - heterorophic - mesophilic - facultative anaerobe - non-motile - pleomorphic - budding for reproduction - freshwater, soil env., human feces - appendaged ; utilized prosthecae to stick to the cells of its host - in association w/ eukaryotic hosts - cause of verrucae on the feet and hands

Phylum 16 - Verrucomicrobia

G. Chlamydiae G. Lestisphaerae

2 sster phyla of P. Verrucomicrobia

- glycoside hydrlases are abundant - upper lake - has unique class of genes for cytochrome c synthesis (typ. thought to be in P. P anctomyces) - evolutuonary relationships w/ the PVC superphylum

Genus Verrucomicrobium

Planctomyces Verrucomicrobia Chlamydiota

PVC superphylum

- round - clusters - G - P. Firmicutes C. Bacilli O. Bacillales F. Staphylococcaceae G. Staphylococcus SP. Aureus

Staphyloccous aureus

- rod-shaped - chains - G + P. Bacilliota C. Bcilli O. Bacillales F. Bcillaceae G. Bacillus SP. subtillis

Bacillus sp.

- spherical/helical - single - G - P. Pseudomonadota C. Betaproteoabacteria O. Nitrosomondales F. Spirillaceae G. Spirillum SP. voluntans

Spirillum sp.

- round - chaiins - G + P. Bacilliota C. Bacilli O. Lactobacillales F. Streptococcaceae G. Streptococcus SP. anginosus

Streptoccous sp.