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BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY > ALGAE > Flashcards

ALGAE Flashcards

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1
Q

plant-like protist

A

algae

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2
Q

6 algal groups

A

euglenoids
dinoflagellates
diatoms
brown algae
red algae
green algae

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3
Q

has a flagellum
with chloroplast
autotrophic
heterotrophic

A

euglenoids

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4
Q

2nd major group of protists
involved in the formation of red tides
has 2 flagella

A

dinoflagellates

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5
Q

major producers in aquatic (marine and fresh) life
play an important role in marine food chains
have beautiful patterns and contain 2 shells

A

diatoms

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6
Q

possibility that earth is oil

A

diatomaceous earth

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7
Q

kelps
ex: laminaria

A

brown algae

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8
Q

helps in the formation of coral reeds along with coral animals

A

red algae

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9
Q

chlamydomonas
dermids (two cells with 2 halves)
volvox
spirogya
ulva
chlorella

A

green algae

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10
Q

green algae that is unicellular and has flagella

A

chlamydomonas

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11
Q

green algae - colonial

A

volvox

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12
Q

filamentouss green algae
cause the distinct aste in fishes (lasang liya)
considered as phytoplankton (microscopic algae)

A

spirogya

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13
Q

sheet-like green algae
has sheet-like body and also called as sea lettuce; macroscopic algae

A

ulva

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14
Q

green algae that has all the essential nutrients that human body needs and also very important for research use

A

chlorella

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15
Q

Not considered a cell wall
* Provides rigidity and strength that thhe
membrane cannot offer.
* The exterior protein covering of euglenoids and
the outer proteinaceous covering that protects
and surrounds the cytoplasm.
* Enables flexibility while maintaining the
organism’s form.

A

pellicle in euglenoids

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16
Q

allow maneuverability and forward movement in dinoflagellates

A

flagella lying in the cingulum

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17
Q

propel the cell forward in dinoflagellates

A

flagella lying in the sulcus

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18
Q

Sudden increase or buildup of algae that results
in the discoloration of the water system. These
occur in freshwater, marine (saltwater), and
brackish habitats.
* Causes shellfish poisoning

A

algal bloom

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19
Q

algal bloom is trigerred by the presence of organic compound like ____ and ____

A

nitrogen
phosphorous

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20
Q

A specific type of hazardous algal bloom that
causes discoloration of coastal waters, generally
turning them red or brown.
* Created by microorganisms including
phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates and
diatoms.

A

red tide

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21
Q

the phenomenon in red sea is caused by

A

algal bloom

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22
Q

Most distinguishing feature is its arm and horns
– vary in shape and size depending on the
species.
* Has 2 flagella that allow the organism to move.
* its morphology is affected by the
temperature and salinity of the surrounding
environment.
* Like the Eiffel tower

A

ceratium

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23
Q

unicellular organism in K. Protista
green algae that can be
found in freshwater, marine settings, and soil.
* It has 2 flagella of even length
* It has chloroplasts that contain green pigments
* It can produce sexually and asexually.

A

chlamydomonas

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24
Q

unicellular organism of K. Protista
flagellate eukaryote that many be
found in freshwater and saltwater.
* It has two flagella of uneven length.
* It has chloroplasts that contain, green, yellow,
and brown pigments.
* It can reproduce only asexually

A

euglena

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25
Q

common name of chlorohyta

A

green algae

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26
Q

morphology of chlorophyta

A

unicellular or multicellular

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27
Q

pigments in chlorophyta

A

chlorophylls A and B

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28
Q

carbon reserve materials in chlorophyta

A

starch

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29
Q

cell wall composition of chlorophyta

A

cellulose

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30
Q

major habitats of chlorophyta

A

ponds
lakes
rivers
soil

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31
Q

common name of euglenophyta

A

euglenoids

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32
Q

morphology of euglenophyta

A

unicellular
flagellated
result of their distinctive and different form

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33
Q

pigments in euglenophyta

A

chlorophylls A and B

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34
Q

typical representative of chlorophyta

A

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas)

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35
Q

typical representative of euglenophyta

A

Euglena gracilis

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36
Q

carbon reserve material of euglenophyta

A

paramylon

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37
Q

cell wall composition of euglenophyta

A

pellicle is
a layer is
proteinaceous
material that
is composed
of protein or
strips and is
situated just
below the cell
membrane

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38
Q

major habitats of euglenophyta

A

ditches
streams
lakes

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39
Q

common name of dinoflagellata

A

dinoflagellates

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40
Q

morphology of dinoflagellata

A

unicellular
two dissimilar flagella
complex covering - amphiesma
vesicles may contain thecal cellulose plates

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41
Q

a complex coverig of dinoflagellata that consists of an inner and an outer continuous membranes

A

amphiesma

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42
Q

pigments in dinoflagellata

A

chlorophyll C
beta carotene
xantophyll

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43
Q

typical representaive of dinoflagellata

A

Gonyauluax (red dinoflagellates)

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44
Q

carbon reserve material of dinoflagellata

A

starch
starrch-like compounds
oils

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45
Q

cell wall composition of dinoflagellata

A

Membrane-bound cell wall
known as
theca, divided
into plates of
cellulose
within
membrane
vesicles

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46
Q

major habitats of dinoflagellata

A

marine
brackish
fresh water
snowlice
benthic environments
sea ice

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47
Q

common name of chrysophyta

A

golden algae

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48
Q

morphology of chrysophyta

A

unicellular
heterokont flagella
endogenous
silcified
stomatocysts

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49
Q

pigments in chrysophyta

A

chlorophylls A and C
fucoxnthin
carotenoid
diadonoxant

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50
Q

typical representative of chrysophyta

A

Golden brown algae (Chrysophycaea)

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51
Q

carbon reserve material of chrysophyta

A

oil
chrysolaminarin (leucosin)

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52
Q

cell wall composition of chrysophyta

A

cellulose with large quantities of silica

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53
Q

major habitats of chrysophyta

A

freshwater
lakes
ponds

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54
Q

distinguishing features of algae

A

photoutotrophs
aquatic habitats
vegetative body does not show any differentiation into various tissue systems
show progressive complexity in reproduction
do not develop embryo after fusion of gametes
range in size
multi/unicellular
eikaryotic
cell wall is thin and rigid
cell walls of many algae are surrounded by a flexible gelatinous outermatrix
discrete nucleus is present
inclusions - starch granules, oil droplets, and vacuoles are present
chlorophylls and other pigments are present
w/ chloroplast

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55
Q

algae do not develop embryo after fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction

A

true

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56
Q

algal cell wall is ___ and ___

A

thin
rigid

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57
Q

motile algae such as euglena have flexible cell membrane called ___

A

peiplasts

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58
Q

____ in algae may occur one, two or many per cells, may be ribbon-like, bar-like, net-like, or as discrete discs

A

chloroplasts

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59
Q

7 general characteristics of algae

A

thallus organization
cell structure
algal flagella
algal pigments
algal nutrition
food reserves
reproduction

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60
Q

5 thallus organization of algae

A

unicellular algae
colonial algae
filaments algae
coenocyttic or siphonaceaous
parenchymatous

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61
Q

thallus organization:
Single cells, motile with flagellate (like
Chlamydomonas and Euglena) or
nonmotile (Diatoms).
o occur in all groups except carophycae of
phylum chlorohyta and pheophyta

A

unicellular algae

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62
Q

characteristics of unicellular algae

A

rhizopodial
flagellate
spiral filamentous
nonmotile

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63
Q

thallus organization:
Motile or nonmotile algae may form a
colony by aggregation of the products of
cell division within a mucilaginous mass.

A

colonial algae

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64
Q

4 colonial algae

A

ceonobial
palmelloid
dendroid
rhizopodial colony

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65
Q

colonial algae:
The colony is formed with a definite
shape, size, and arrangement of cells.
Ex: volvox

A

ceonobial

66
Q

colonial algae:
Irregular arrangement of cells varying in
number, shape, and size.
Ex: Chlamydomonas, Tetraspora

A

palmelloid

67
Q

colonial algae:
Looks like microscopic tree due to union
of mucilaginous threads present at base
of each cell.
Ex: Chrysodendron

A

dendroid

68
Q

colonial algae:
Cells are united through rhizopodia
Ex: Chrysidiastrum

A

rhizopodial colony

69
Q

thallus organization:
Daughter cells remain attached after cell division and form a cell chain.
o Adjacent cells share cell wall (distinguish them from linear colonies)
o May be unbranched (uniseriate such as
Zygnema and Ulthrix) or branched (regular multiseriate such as Cladophora or unregular multiseriate such as
Pithophora).

A

filaments algae

70
Q

thallus organization:
One large, multinucleate cell without cross walls such as Vaucheria.

A

coenocytic or siphonaceaous

71
Q

thallus organization:
Mostly macroscopic algae with tissue of undifferentiated cells and growth originating from a meristem with cell division in three dimensions such as Ulva.

A

parenchymatous

72
Q

cell structure of algae

A

Eukaryotic characterized by presence of wellorganized nucleus and membrane-bond organelles like plastids, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies

73
Q

An intermediate form called _______
occurs in Dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with nuclear membrane & chromosomes) and prokaryotic characters (basic proteins are absent)

A

mesokaryotic

74
Q

Some algae do not have true cell wall Ex. Euglena,
gymnodinium, & possess a membrane called
_____ around cytoplasm.

A

pellicle

75
Q

Motile flagella possess a pigmented spot known
as ____ or ____ (swimming)

A

eye-spot
stigma

76
Q

Cell wall is with mixed _____ and
substances like ____, ____, ____ &
_____ present

A

carbohydrates
alginic acid
fucoidin
fucin
hemicellulose

77
Q

algal flagella is found in all algae except in ____

A

Rhitophyceae

78
Q

main function of algal flagella

A

motility

79
Q

2 types of algal flagella

A

whiplash/acronematic
tinsel/pleuronematic

80
Q

3 types of tinsel/pleuronematic algal flagella

A

pantonematic
pantocronematic
stichonematic

81
Q

type of algal flagella that possess a smooth surface

A

whiplash or aconematic

82
Q

type of algal flagella that is covered by fine filamentous appendages called as mastgonemes or flimmers

A

tinsel or pleuronematic

83
Q

fine filamentous appendages in tinsel

A

mastigonemes or flimmers

84
Q

type of tinsel:
mastigonemes are arrranged in two opposite rows or radially

A

pantonematic

85
Q

type of tinsel:
pantonematic flagellum with a terminal fibril

A

pantocronematic

86
Q

type of tinsel:
mastigonemes are develop only on one side of the flagellum

A

stichonematic

87
Q

general characteristic
Distinct chloroplast, nuclear region, and
complex organelles.

A

algal pigments

88
Q

thylakoids are grouped into ___

A

grana

89
Q

____ are centers of carbon dioxide fixation
within the chloroplasts of algae. Pyrenoids are
not membrane-bound organelles, but
specialized areas of the plastid that contain high
levels of RUBISCO

A

pyrenoids

90
Q

the algal pigments are within bound organelles called ___

A

plastids

91
Q

colorless plastids

A

leucoplasts

92
Q

coloured plastids

A

chromoplasts

93
Q

pigments contained in chromoplasts

A

chlorophylls A and B

94
Q

contain only chlorophyll A

A

chromtophores

95
Q

4 types of algal pigments

A

Chlorophylls (5)
Xanthophylls (20)
Carotenes (5)
Phycobillins (7)

96
Q

algal pigment that is presentt in all algae

A

chlorophyll A

97
Q

algal pigment that is present in Chlorophyceae and Phenophyceae

A

xanthophyll

98
Q

algal pigment that is present in most algae

A

B carotene

99
Q

____ are water-soluble red
(phycoerythrin) and blue (phycocyanin) confied
to rhodophyceae

A

phycobilins

100
Q

red phycobilin

A

phycoerythrin

101
Q

blue phycobilin

A

phycocyanin

102
Q

mode of nutrition of algae

A

photoautotrophic

103
Q

algae synthesize their own food from ___ and ____

A

carbon dioxide
water

104
Q

algae also synthesize ____ and ___ from carbohydrates

A

oil
proteins

105
Q

aquatic forms obtain carbon dioxide and water by ____ and ____

A

diffusion
osmosis

106
Q

aerial obtain water from ____ and carbon dioxide from ___

A

damp substratum
aiiirr

107
Q

food material in algae are accumulated as ___

A

polysaaccharides

108
Q

food reserve of Chlorophyta and Charophyta

A

true starch

109
Q

food reserve of Rhodophyta

A

floridean starch

110
Q

food reserve of brown algae

A

laminarin

111
Q

food reserve of euglenoids

A

paramylon

112
Q

food reserve that is peculiar to Xantophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Chrysophyta

A

leucosin

113
Q

___ ocuur ae reserved food in appreciable amounts in the cells of Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Chrysophyta

A

fats

114
Q

most algae reproduce both ____ and ____

A

sexually
asexually

115
Q

most algal sexual reproduction is trigerred by ____

A

environmental stress

116
Q

asexual reproduction of algae

A

mitosis

117
Q

sexual reproduction of algae

A

meiosis
zoospores
plus and minus gametes
zygosppores

118
Q

reproduction in algae (vegetative cells)

A

cell division/fragmentation

119
Q

reproductive method where a part of the filament breaks off from the rest and forms a new one

A

fragmentation

120
Q

types of algal sexual reproduction based on the gametes

A

isogamy
anisogamy
oogamy

121
Q

sexual reproduction:
both gametes have flagella and similar in
size and morphology.

A

isogamy

122
Q

sexual reproduction:
gametes have flagella but are
dissimilar in shape and size. One gamete is
distinctly smaller than the other one.

A

anisogamy

123
Q

sexual reproduction:
gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses
with a larger, nonflagellated gamete
(egg).

A

oogamy

124
Q

both gametes produced by the
same individual.

A

monoecious

125
Q

male and female gametes are
produced by different individuals

A

dioecious

126
Q

gametes from one individual can
fuse (self-fertile).

A

homothallic

127
Q

gametes from one individual
cannot fuse (self-sterile).

A

heterothallic

128
Q

a special type of reproduction. The entire cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are transported passively between two cells taking part in sexual reproduction.

A

conjugation

129
Q

reproduction in multicellular algae

A

oedogonium reproduction

130
Q

2 structures in oedogonium reproduction

A

antheridium
oogonium

131
Q

structure in oedogonium reproduction that release
flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium

A

antheridium

132
Q

structure in oedogonium reproduction that houses the zygote which is a diploid spore

A

oogonium

133
Q

oedogonium reproduction
The spore undergoes ____ and _______. One
of the four cells becomes a ____ the others divide and become a ______.

A

meiosis
4 haploid zoospores
root-like holdfast
new filament

134
Q

classification of algae based on 7 major divisions

A
  1. Nature and properties of pigments
  2. Chemistry of reserve food products
  3. Morphology of flagella
  4. Morphology of cells and thalli
  5. Life history reproductive structures and methods of reproduction
  6. Food-storage substance
  7. Cell wall composition
135
Q

9 algal phylum

A
  1. Phylum Rhodophycophyta
  2. Phylum Xanthophycophyta
  3. Phylum Chrysophycophyta
  4. Phylum Phaeophycophyta
  5. Phylum Bacillariophycophyta
  6. Phylum Euglenophycophyta
  7. Phylum Chlorophycophyta
  8. Phylum Cryptophycophyta
  9. Phylum Pyrrophycophyta
136
Q

algal phylum
* 4000 species of RED ALGAE
* Most are marine
* Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a
depth of 200 meters
* Contain chlorophylls A and rarely D as well a
phycobilins which are important n absorbing light
that can penetrate deep into the water.
* Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in
cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and some cheese.
* Read algae GELIDIUM from which AGAR is made.

A

P. Rhodophycophyta

137
Q

algal pigments in P. Rhodophycophyta

A

chlorophylls A, rarely D
phycobilins

138
Q

pigment that is important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water

A

phycobilins

139
Q

cell coating of P. Rhodophycophyta that is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and somes cheese

A

carageenan

140
Q

red algae that is an epiphyte on eel and surf grass

A

Smithora naiadum

141
Q

red algae - nori used to wrap uncooked fish and other food items

A

Porphyra

142
Q

algal phylum
* Yellow Green Algae
* Xantophytes walls with cellulose and pectin.
* Chlorophylls A, C, and rarely E are present
* Cellular storage product is chrysolaminarin
* Flagella unequal in length
* Asexual reproduction by cell division and
fragmentation.
* Vaucheria is a well-known member of this division.

A

P. Xanthophycophyta

143
Q

cellular storage product in P. Xanthophycophyta

A

chrysolaminarin

144
Q

asexual reproduction methods in P. Xanthophycophyta

A

cell divisio
fragmentation

145
Q

well-known member of P. Xanthophycophyta

A

vaucheria

146
Q

algal phylum:
* Golden algae
* Predominantly flagellates some are amoeboid
* Chlorophylls A and C present
* Reserve food as chrysolaminarin and their freuent
incorporation of silica
* Characteristic color due to masking of their
chlorophyll by brown pigments
* Reproduction is commonly asexual but at times
isogamous.

A

P. Chrysophycophyta

147
Q

algal phylum
* 1500 species of brown algae
* Mostly marine and include seaweed
* All are multicellular and large (often reaching
lengths of 147 feet)
* Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a
holdfast, stipe, and blade.
* Chlorophylls A and C present
* Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
* Many of them have holdfasts and air bladders which
give them buoyancy

A

P. Phaeophycophyta

148
Q

algal phylum
* Diatoms
* Diatoms provide abundant food supply for aquatic
animals
* Chlorophylls A and C present
* Shells of diatoms are called frustules
* Deposits of these shells from centuries of growth
are called diatomite or diatomaceous earth.

A

P. Bacillariophycophyta

149
Q

shells of diatoms are called

A

frustules

150
Q

deposits of shells of diatoms from centuries of growth are called ___

A

diatomite or diatomaceous earth

151
Q

algal phylum
* Unicellular and motile by means of flagella
* Chlorophylls A and B present
* 1000 species of Euglenoids
* Have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics
* Euglena cell with contractile vacuoles and fibrils
* Carry out photosynthesis in chloroplast and is
facultatively autotrophic
* Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission
* Dormant cysts are formed

A

P. Euglenophycophyta

152
Q

algal phylum
* Green algae
* 7000 diverse species
* Green algae contain one chloroplast per cell which
contain pyrenoids
* Both green algae and land plants have chlorophylls
A and B as well as carotenoids and store food
starch.
* Both have walls made of cellulose.
* Reproduction by asexual methods or isogamous
and heterogamous sexual means.

A

P. Chlorophycophyta

153
Q

green algae contain ____ per cell which contain ____

A

one chloroplast
pyrenoids

154
Q

algal phylum
* Cryptomonads are biflagellate organisms
* Cells are slipper-shaped and flattened occur singly.
* Some with cellulose wall others naked.
* There are 1 or 2 plastids, with/without pyrenoids.
* Reproduction by longitudinal cell division or by
zoospores or cysts.

A

P. Chryptophycophyta

155
Q

cryptonomonads are ____ organisms

A

biflagellated

156
Q

algal bloom
* Flagella are inserted in the girdle and arranged with
one encircling the cell and the other trailing.
* Many ae covered only by plasmalemma and in
some there is a wall made of cellulose
* Some have a series of cellulose plates within
plasmalemma termed thecal plates.

A

P. Pyrrophycophyta

157
Q

study of algae

A

phycology

158
Q

algae that can be used to treat goiter ; reduce fever,
ease pain, induce urination.

A

Ulva

159
Q

algae that can be used to treat urinary diseases,
edema.

A

Codium

160
Q

algae that can be used to treat cervival
lymphadenitis, edema

A

Sargassum

161
Q

algae that can be used to treat goiter, bronchitis,
tonsilitis, and cough

A

Poyphyra

162
Q

algae
laxative ; can be used to treat tracheitis,
gastric diseases and hemorrhoids; can be used to
extract agarinishes inflammation; reduces fever

A

Gelidium

BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY (8 decks)

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