ALGAE Flashcards
1
Q
plant-like protist
A
algae
2
Q
6 algal groups
A
euglenoids
dinoflagellates
diatoms
brown algae
red algae
green algae
3
Q
has a flagellum
with chloroplast
autotrophic
heterotrophic
A
euglenoids
4
Q
2nd major group of protists
involved in the formation of red tides
has 2 flagella
A
dinoflagellates
5
Q
major producers in aquatic (marine and fresh) life
play an important role in marine food chains
have beautiful patterns and contain 2 shells
A
diatoms
6
Q
possibility that earth is oil
A
diatomaceous earth
7
Q
kelps
ex: laminaria
A
brown algae
8
Q
helps in the formation of coral reeds along with coral animals
A
red algae
9
Q
chlamydomonas
dermids (two cells with 2 halves)
volvox
spirogya
ulva
chlorella
A
green algae
10
Q
green algae that is unicellular and has flagella
A
chlamydomonas
11
Q
green algae - colonial
A
volvox
12
Q
filamentouss green algae
cause the distinct aste in fishes (lasang liya)
considered as phytoplankton (microscopic algae)
A
spirogya
13
Q
sheet-like green algae
has sheet-like body and also called as sea lettuce; macroscopic algae
A
ulva
14
Q
green algae that has all the essential nutrients that human body needs and also very important for research use
A
chlorella
15
Q
Not considered a cell wall
* Provides rigidity and strength that thhe
membrane cannot offer.
* The exterior protein covering of euglenoids and
the outer proteinaceous covering that protects
and surrounds the cytoplasm.
* Enables flexibility while maintaining the
organism’s form.
A
pellicle in euglenoids
16
Q
allow maneuverability and forward movement in dinoflagellates
A
flagella lying in the cingulum
17
Q
propel the cell forward in dinoflagellates
A
flagella lying in the sulcus
18
Q
Sudden increase or buildup of algae that results
in the discoloration of the water system. These
occur in freshwater, marine (saltwater), and
brackish habitats.
* Causes shellfish poisoning
A
algal bloom
19
Q
algal bloom is trigerred by the presence of organic compound like ____ and ____
A
nitrogen
phosphorous
20
Q
A specific type of hazardous algal bloom that
causes discoloration of coastal waters, generally
turning them red or brown.
* Created by microorganisms including
phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates and
diatoms.
A
red tide
21
Q
the phenomenon in red sea is caused by
A
algal bloom
22
Q
Most distinguishing feature is its arm and horns
– vary in shape and size depending on the
species.
* Has 2 flagella that allow the organism to move.
* its morphology is affected by the
temperature and salinity of the surrounding
environment.
* Like the Eiffel tower
A
ceratium
23
Q
unicellular organism in K. Protista
green algae that can be
found in freshwater, marine settings, and soil.
* It has 2 flagella of even length
* It has chloroplasts that contain green pigments
* It can produce sexually and asexually.
A
chlamydomonas
24
Q
unicellular organism of K. Protista
flagellate eukaryote that many be
found in freshwater and saltwater.
* It has two flagella of uneven length.
* It has chloroplasts that contain, green, yellow,
and brown pigments.
* It can reproduce only asexually
A
euglena
25
common name of chlorohyta
green algae
26
morphology of chlorophyta
unicellular or multicellular
27
pigments in chlorophyta
chlorophylls A and B
28
carbon reserve materials in chlorophyta
starch
29
cell wall composition of chlorophyta
cellulose
30
major habitats of chlorophyta
ponds
lakes
rivers
soil
31
common name of euglenophyta
euglenoids
32
morphology of euglenophyta
unicellular
flagellated
result of their distinctive and different form
33
pigments in euglenophyta
chlorophylls A and B
34
typical representative of chlorophyta
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas)
35
typical representative of euglenophyta
Euglena gracilis
36
carbon reserve material of euglenophyta
paramylon
37
cell wall composition of euglenophyta
pellicle is
a layer is
proteinaceous
material that
is composed
of protein or
strips and is
situated just
below the cell
membrane
38
major habitats of euglenophyta
ditches
streams
lakes
39
common name of dinoflagellata
dinoflagellates
40
morphology of dinoflagellata
unicellular
two dissimilar flagella
complex covering - amphiesma
vesicles may contain thecal cellulose plates
41
a complex coverig of dinoflagellata that consists of an inner and an outer continuous membranes
amphiesma
42
pigments in dinoflagellata
chlorophyll C
beta carotene
xantophyll
43
typical representaive of dinoflagellata
Gonyauluax (red dinoflagellates)
44
carbon reserve material of dinoflagellata
starch
starrch-like compounds
oils
45
cell wall composition of dinoflagellata
Membrane-bound cell wall
known as
theca, divided
into plates of
cellulose
within
membrane
vesicles
46
major habitats of dinoflagellata
marine
brackish
fresh water
snowlice
benthic environments
sea ice
47
common name of chrysophyta
golden algae
48
morphology of chrysophyta
unicellular
heterokont flagella
endogenous
silcified
stomatocysts
49
pigments in chrysophyta
chlorophylls A and C
fucoxnthin
carotenoid
diadonoxant
50
typical representative of chrysophyta
Golden brown algae (Chrysophycaea)
51
carbon reserve material of chrysophyta
oil
chrysolaminarin (leucosin)
52
cell wall composition of chrysophyta
cellulose with large quantities of silica
53
major habitats of chrysophyta
freshwater
lakes
ponds
54
distinguishing features of algae
photoutotrophs
aquatic habitats
vegetative body does not show any differentiation into various tissue systems
show progressive complexity in reproduction
do not develop embryo after fusion of gametes
range in size
multi/unicellular
eikaryotic
cell wall is thin and rigid
cell walls of many algae are surrounded by a flexible gelatinous outermatrix
discrete nucleus is present
inclusions - starch granules, oil droplets, and vacuoles are present
chlorophylls and other pigments are present
w/ chloroplast
55
algae do not develop embryo after fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction
true
56
algal cell wall is ___ and ___
thin
rigid
57
motile algae such as euglena have flexible cell membrane called ___
peiplasts
58
____ in algae may occur one, two or many per cells, may be ribbon-like, bar-like, net-like, or as discrete discs
chloroplasts
59
7 general characteristics of algae
thallus organization
cell structure
algal flagella
algal pigments
algal nutrition
food reserves
reproduction
60
5 thallus organization of algae
unicellular algae
colonial algae
filaments algae
coenocyttic or siphonaceaous
parenchymatous
61
thallus organization:
Single cells, motile with flagellate (like
Chlamydomonas and Euglena) or
nonmotile (Diatoms).
o occur in all groups except carophycae of
phylum chlorohyta and pheophyta
unicellular algae
62
characteristics of unicellular algae
rhizopodial
flagellate
spiral filamentous
nonmotile
63
thallus organization:
Motile or nonmotile algae may form a
colony by aggregation of the products of
cell division within a mucilaginous mass.
colonial algae
64
4 colonial algae
ceonobial
palmelloid
dendroid
rhizopodial colony
65
colonial algae:
The colony is formed with a definite
shape, size, and arrangement of cells.
Ex: volvox
ceonobial
66
colonial algae:
Irregular arrangement of cells varying in
number, shape, and size.
Ex: Chlamydomonas, Tetraspora
palmelloid
67
colonial algae:
Looks like microscopic tree due to union
of mucilaginous threads present at base
of each cell.
Ex: Chrysodendron
dendroid
68
colonial algae:
Cells are united through rhizopodia
Ex: Chrysidiastrum
rhizopodial colony
69
thallus organization:
Daughter cells remain attached after cell division and form a cell chain.
o Adjacent cells share cell wall (distinguish them from linear colonies)
o May be unbranched (uniseriate such as
Zygnema and Ulthrix) or branched (regular multiseriate such as Cladophora or unregular multiseriate such as
Pithophora).
filaments algae
70
thallus organization:
One large, multinucleate cell without cross walls such as Vaucheria.
coenocytic or siphonaceaous
71
thallus organization:
Mostly macroscopic algae with tissue of undifferentiated cells and growth originating from a meristem with cell division in three dimensions such as Ulva.
parenchymatous
72
cell structure of algae
Eukaryotic characterized by presence of wellorganized nucleus and membrane-bond organelles like plastids, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies
73
An intermediate form called _______
occurs in Dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with nuclear membrane & chromosomes) and prokaryotic characters (basic proteins are absent)
mesokaryotic
74
Some algae do not have true cell wall Ex. Euglena,
gymnodinium, & possess a membrane called
_____ around cytoplasm.
pellicle
75
Motile flagella possess a pigmented spot known
as ____ or ____ (swimming)
eye-spot
stigma
76
Cell wall is with mixed _____ and
substances like ____, ____, ____ &
_____ present
carbohydrates
alginic acid
fucoidin
fucin
hemicellulose
77
algal flagella is found in all algae except in ____
Rhitophyceae
78
main function of algal flagella
motility
79
2 types of algal flagella
whiplash/acronematic
tinsel/pleuronematic
80
3 types of tinsel/pleuronematic algal flagella
pantonematic
pantocronematic
stichonematic
81
type of algal flagella that possess a smooth surface
whiplash or aconematic
82
type of algal flagella that is covered by fine filamentous appendages called as mastgonemes or flimmers
tinsel or pleuronematic
83
fine filamentous appendages in tinsel
mastigonemes or flimmers
84
type of tinsel:
mastigonemes are arrranged in two opposite rows or radially
pantonematic
85
type of tinsel:
pantonematic flagellum with a terminal fibril
pantocronematic
86
type of tinsel:
mastigonemes are develop only on one side of the flagellum
stichonematic
87
general characteristic
Distinct chloroplast, nuclear region, and
complex organelles.
algal pigments
88
thylakoids are grouped into ___
grana
89
____ are centers of carbon dioxide fixation
within the chloroplasts of algae. Pyrenoids are
not membrane-bound organelles, but
specialized areas of the plastid that contain high
levels of RUBISCO
pyrenoids
90
the algal pigments are within bound organelles called ___
plastids
91
colorless plastids
leucoplasts
92
coloured plastids
chromoplasts
93
pigments contained in chromoplasts
chlorophylls A and B
94
contain only chlorophyll A
chromtophores
95
4 types of algal pigments
Chlorophylls (5)
Xanthophylls (20)
Carotenes (5)
Phycobillins (7)
96
algal pigment that is presentt in all algae
chlorophyll A
97
algal pigment that is present in Chlorophyceae and Phenophyceae
xanthophyll
98
algal pigment that is present in most algae
B carotene
99
____ are water-soluble red
(phycoerythrin) and blue (phycocyanin) confied
to rhodophyceae
phycobilins
100
red phycobilin
phycoerythrin
101
blue phycobilin
phycocyanin
102
mode of nutrition of algae
photoautotrophic
103
algae synthesize their own food from ___ and ____
carbon dioxide
water
104
algae also synthesize ____ and ___ from carbohydrates
oil
proteins
105
aquatic forms obtain carbon dioxide and water by ____ and ____
diffusion
osmosis
106
aerial obtain water from ____ and carbon dioxide from ___
damp substratum
aiiirr
107
food material in algae are accumulated as ___
polysaaccharides
108
food reserve of Chlorophyta and Charophyta
true starch
109
food reserve of Rhodophyta
floridean starch
110
food reserve of brown algae
laminarin
111
food reserve of euglenoids
paramylon
112
food reserve that is peculiar to Xantophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Chrysophyta
leucosin
113
___ ocuur ae reserved food in appreciable amounts in the cells of Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Chrysophyta
fats
114
most algae reproduce both ____ and ____
sexually
asexually
115
most algal sexual reproduction is trigerred by ____
environmental stress
116
asexual reproduction of algae
mitosis
117
sexual reproduction of algae
meiosis
zoospores
plus and minus gametes
zygosppores
118
reproduction in algae (vegetative cells)
cell division/fragmentation
119
reproductive method where a part of the filament breaks off from the rest and forms a new one
fragmentation
120
types of algal sexual reproduction based on the gametes
isogamy
anisogamy
oogamy
121
sexual reproduction:
both gametes have flagella and similar in
size and morphology.
isogamy
122
sexual reproduction:
gametes have flagella but are
dissimilar in shape and size. One gamete is
distinctly smaller than the other one.
anisogamy
123
sexual reproduction:
gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses
with a larger, nonflagellated gamete
(egg).
oogamy
124
both gametes produced by the
same individual.
monoecious
125
male and female gametes are
produced by different individuals
dioecious
126
gametes from one individual can
fuse (self-fertile).
homothallic
127
gametes from one individual
cannot fuse (self-sterile).
heterothallic
128
a special type of reproduction. The entire cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are transported passively between two cells taking part in sexual reproduction.
conjugation
129
reproduction in multicellular algae
oedogonium reproduction
130
2 structures in oedogonium reproduction
antheridium
oogonium
131
structure in oedogonium reproduction that release
flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium
antheridium
132
structure in oedogonium reproduction that houses the zygote which is a diploid spore
oogonium
133
oedogonium reproduction
The spore undergoes ____ and _______. One
of the four cells becomes a ____ the others divide and become a ______.
meiosis
4 haploid zoospores
root-like holdfast
new filament
134
classification of algae based on 7 major divisions
1. Nature and properties of pigments
2. Chemistry of reserve food products
3. Morphology of flagella
4. Morphology of cells and thalli
5. Life history reproductive structures and methods of reproduction
6. Food-storage substance
7. Cell wall composition
135
9 algal phylum
1. Phylum Rhodophycophyta
2. Phylum Xanthophycophyta
3. Phylum Chrysophycophyta
4. Phylum Phaeophycophyta
5. Phylum Bacillariophycophyta
6. Phylum Euglenophycophyta
7. Phylum Chlorophycophyta
8. Phylum Cryptophycophyta
9. Phylum Pyrrophycophyta
136
algal phylum
* 4000 species of RED ALGAE
* Most are marine
* Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a
depth of 200 meters
* Contain chlorophylls A and rarely D as well a
phycobilins which are important n absorbing light
that can penetrate deep into the water.
* Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in
cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and some cheese.
* Read algae GELIDIUM from which AGAR is made.
P. Rhodophycophyta
137
algal pigments in P. Rhodophycophyta
chlorophylls A, rarely D
phycobilins
138
pigment that is important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water
phycobilins
139
cell coating of P. Rhodophycophyta that is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and somes cheese
carageenan
140
red algae that is an epiphyte on eel and surf grass
Smithora naiadum
141
red algae - nori used to wrap uncooked fish and other food items
Porphyra
142
algal phylum
* Yellow Green Algae
* Xantophytes walls with cellulose and pectin.
* Chlorophylls A, C, and rarely E are present
* Cellular storage product is chrysolaminarin
* Flagella unequal in length
* Asexual reproduction by cell division and
fragmentation.
* Vaucheria is a well-known member of this division.
P. Xanthophycophyta
143
cellular storage product in P. Xanthophycophyta
chrysolaminarin
144
asexual reproduction methods in P. Xanthophycophyta
cell divisio
fragmentation
145
well-known member of P. Xanthophycophyta
vaucheria
146
algal phylum:
* Golden algae
* Predominantly flagellates some are amoeboid
* Chlorophylls A and C present
* Reserve food as chrysolaminarin and their freuent
incorporation of silica
* Characteristic color due to masking of their
chlorophyll by brown pigments
* Reproduction is commonly asexual but at times
isogamous.
P. Chrysophycophyta
147
algal phylum
* 1500 species of brown algae
* Mostly marine and include seaweed
* All are multicellular and large (often reaching
lengths of 147 feet)
* Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a
holdfast, stipe, and blade.
* Chlorophylls A and C present
* Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
* Many of them have holdfasts and air bladders which
give them buoyancy
P. Phaeophycophyta
148
algal phylum
* Diatoms
* Diatoms provide abundant food supply for aquatic
animals
* Chlorophylls A and C present
* Shells of diatoms are called frustules
* Deposits of these shells from centuries of growth
are called diatomite or diatomaceous earth.
P. Bacillariophycophyta
149
shells of diatoms are called
frustules
150
deposits of shells of diatoms from centuries of growth are called ___
diatomite or diatomaceous earth
151
algal phylum
* Unicellular and motile by means of flagella
* Chlorophylls A and B present
* 1000 species of Euglenoids
* Have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics
* Euglena cell with contractile vacuoles and fibrils
* Carry out photosynthesis in chloroplast and is
facultatively autotrophic
* Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission
* Dormant cysts are formed
P. Euglenophycophyta
152
algal phylum
* Green algae
* 7000 diverse species
* Green algae contain one chloroplast per cell which
contain pyrenoids
* Both green algae and land plants have chlorophylls
A and B as well as carotenoids and store food
starch.
* Both have walls made of cellulose.
* Reproduction by asexual methods or isogamous
and heterogamous sexual means.
P. Chlorophycophyta
153
green algae contain ____ per cell which contain ____
one chloroplast
pyrenoids
154
algal phylum
* Cryptomonads are biflagellate organisms
* Cells are slipper-shaped and flattened occur singly.
* Some with cellulose wall others naked.
* There are 1 or 2 plastids, with/without pyrenoids.
* Reproduction by longitudinal cell division or by
zoospores or cysts.
P. Chryptophycophyta
155
cryptonomonads are ____ organisms
biflagellated
156
algal bloom
* Flagella are inserted in the girdle and arranged with
one encircling the cell and the other trailing.
* Many ae covered only by plasmalemma and in
some there is a wall made of cellulose
* Some have a series of cellulose plates within
plasmalemma termed thecal plates.
P. Pyrrophycophyta
157
study of algae
phycology
158
algae that can be used to treat goiter ; reduce fever,
ease pain, induce urination.
Ulva
159
algae that can be used to treat urinary diseases,
edema.
Codium
160
algae that can be used to treat cervival
lymphadenitis, edema
Sargassum
161
algae that can be used to treat goiter, bronchitis,
tonsilitis, and cough
Poyphyra
162
algae
laxative ; can be used to treat tracheitis,
gastric diseases and hemorrhoids; can be used to
extract agarinishes inflammation; reduces fever
Gelidium
