FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE: 109, 110

Question 1

name the 3 main ligaments of the Ovarium and Uterus

Answer 1

-CRANIAL: ovary suspensory ligament
-CAUDALLY: proper ligament (continues frome the suspensory ligament and attaches to cranial end of each uterine horn. is continuos with round ligament of the uterus)
-broad ligament (cranial portion attaches also to ovaries and is called mesovarium)

Question 2

vascularization of the ovaries

Answer 2

ARTERIES: paired ovarian arteries arise from aorta (CD to renal arteries, CR to deep circumflex)

VEINS: right drains CVC, left drains in to left renal vein

Question 3

uterus vascularization

Answer 3

anastomoses beetween uterine and ovaries artery

uterine artery originate from vaginal artery that originates from internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)

Question 4

if you have a queen (cat) with external vulva edema and inflammation is it possible the cause is the proestrus-estrus?

Answer 4

no: queens vulva is not responsive to extrogen

Question 5

due to the preovulatory rise in progesterone in the bitch, how can we predict the gestation period in dogs?

Answer 5

calculated from the day the progesteron level rise 1.5 ng/ml, the partuition will take place on 65 +- 3 days

Question 6

when is possible to detect fetal skeleton radiographically?

Answer 6

by day 42

Question 7

to predict the partuition time, how much does plasma progesterone has to decrease?

Answer 7

below 2-3 ng/ml 18-30 hours before partuition

Question 8

how many stages is the partuition composed of?

Answer 8

3 stages:

1) externally non visible uterine contraction
2) expulsion of fetus (visible abdominal contraction)
3) expulsion of placenta (visible abdominal contraction)

Question 9

how to predict the partuition date in cats?

Answer 9

the first day plasma progesterone rise above 2.5 ng/ml, the partuition will take place in 63-66 days.

Question 10

what breed seems to be predispose to post-op hemorrage?

Answer 10

greyhounds. seem to be related to inappropriate fibrinolysis

Question 11

difference beetween canine and feline ovarian tumors

Answer 11

CANINE: 40-50% are epithelial, papillary tumors can be bilateral. most common are sex cord stromal tumors (granulosa cell tumor, up to 20% metastatize). tecomas are the benign form of granulosa cell tumors

FELINE: more commonly reported se cord stromal tumor, 50% ot GCT are maligant in cats

Question 12

most common isolated bacteria in pyometra

Answer 12

e.coli, others pasteurella, pseudomonas, proteus, klebsiella, streptococcus, enterobacter.

e coli adheres to receptors in the progesterone-stimulated endometrium

Question 13

clinical signs of acute metritis

Answer 13

T°> 40 that last for 24 to 48 hours after partum, or clinical signs of illness within 1 week of partus

Question 14

prevalence of uterine prolapse in dogs and cats

Answer 14

rare in dogs, really infrequent in cats

Question 15

medical treatement of canine pyometra

Answer 15

• proftaglandin F2alpha. induces relaxation of the cervix and contraction of myometrium
  -dopamine agonista (cabergolina) + AB
  -GnRH antagonist + AB
  -progesterone receptor antagonist + AB

Question 16

patophysiologic mechanism of primary uterine inertia

Answer 16

inability to secrete adequate PGF2alpha.

Question 17

how to diagnose Dystocia

Answer 17

-prolonged gestation
-lack of progression from stage 1 to stage 2 within 12-24 h
-failure to deliver pups within 36 hours of rectal temperature falling below 37.8°
-signs of toxemia

Question 18

most common canine uterus tumor

Answer 18

usually mesenchimal and benign (leyomioma)

Question 19

where does the urethral tubercole enters the vagina?

Answer 19

approximately 1 cm caudal to the vestibulovaginal junction

Question 20

vascularization of the vagina, urethra and vestibule

Answer 20

branches of the vaginal artery (from internal pudendal)

Question 21

vascularization of the vulva

Answer 21

branches of the external pudendal artery

Question 22

surgical steps to perform a ventral approach to intrapelvic viscera

Answer 22

1) median incision
2) adductor and gracilis muscles elevated from the pubis and ischium to expose the pelvis symphisis
3) bilateral pubic and ischial osteotomies
4) internal obturator muscle elevate from one internal face of the bone-flap created, to flip the segment laterally

Question 23

embriologic origin of vaginal septum and imperforated hymen

Answer 23

A) retained epithelial tissue at the point of fusion of the paired paramesonephric ducts (in a saggital plane)

B) retained epithelial tissue at the point at the transverse point of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts with the urogenital sinus.

Question 24

is urinary incontinence common in dogs with vestibulo-vaginal stenotic lesions?

Answer 24

yes, altough those congenital abnormalities usually are not the primary cause of the urinary incontinence.

Question 25

name a common malformation associated with rectovaginal fistulas

Answer 25

atresia ani

Question 26

anovulvar cleft embryologic origin

Answer 26

failure of fusion beetween dorsal urogenital folds

Question 27

is juvenile vulva associated with prepuberal ovariectomy?

Answer 27

it seem that the prevalence of this condition is identical beetween intact dogs and prepuberal spayed dogs

Question 28

describe the difference beetween vaginal edema and vaginal prolapse

Answer 28

vaginal edema is a mass of edematous tissue that arise from the ventral floor of the vagina, cranial to urethral tubercole, under the influence of estrogens in late proestrus or estrus

true vaginal prolapse (360°) is really uncommon and can be differentiated from vaginal edema by finger palpation

Question 29

most common neoplasia of the vagina

Answer 29

leyomiona