female/male embryology Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
describe how females are made
A
default decelopment
mesonephric duct degenerates (no androgens - leydig)
paramesonephric duct does its thing (no MIF - sertoli)
2
Q
describe how males are made
A
SRY on Y chromosome – testis determining factor – testes developm
sertoli cells – mullerian inhibitory factor – suppresses development of paramesonephric duct
leydig cells - androgens – stimulate development of mesonephric ducts
3
Q
whats the fate of the paramesonephric duct
A
without MIF - develops
with MIF - no develops
becomes femal internal structures - fallopain tubes, uterus and upper portion of vagina
4
Q
development of the vagina
A
upper - paramesonephric duct
lower - urogenital sinus
5
Q
what is mullerian agenesis
A
may present as primar amenorrhea - due to lack of uterine development in feamles with fully developed secondary sexual characteris - functiona ovaries
6
Q
desribe whats missing in mullerian agenesis
A
internal structures - fallopain tubes, uterues, upper vag
ovaries - good to go = secondary sexual characteristics good
7
Q
whats the fate of the mesonephric duct
A
if androgens present = developes if no androgens present = doesnt develops into male itnernal structures SEED (not prostate) seminal vesicles epididymis ejaculatory duct ductus deferens
8
Q
what does the mesonephric duct become in females
A
the gartner duct
9
Q
what happens if no sertoli cells
A
no MIF - no regression of paramesonephric duct
since have androgen from leydig get mesoneprhic duct
= female and male internal structures
10
Q
what is the role of 5 alpha reductase
A
converts testosterone into DHT
11
Q
what is the role of DHT
A
external male genitaliat
12
Q
what occurs in 5 alpha reductase
A
male internal genitalia are fine
ambiguous external genitalia until puberty when testosterone levels increase to cause masculinization
13
Q
list the uterine anomalies
A
septate uterus
bicornuate uterus
uterus didedelphys
14
Q
what is the most common uterine anomalies
A
septate uterus
15
Q
describe a septate uterus
A
incomplete resorption of the septum
(looks liek a heart)
decrease feritlity
16
Q
treat a septate uterus
A
septoplasty
17
Q
describe a bicornuate uterus
A
incomplete fusion of the mullerian ducts
increased risk of complicated pregnancy
looks like dumbo
18
Q
what is uterus didelphys
A
complete failure of fusion so get a doubel uterus soubdle vag and double cervix
pregnancy is possible
19
Q
incomplete resorption of septate in uterus formation
A
septate uterus
20
Q
incompletel fusion of paramesonephric ducts
A
bicornuate uterus
21
Q
complete failure of mullerian duct fusion
A
uterus didelphys
22
Q
what are the cells fo the seminiferous tubules
A
spermatogonia/germ cells
sertoli cells/non germ cells
leydig cells/endocrine cells
23
Q
what are spermatogonia
A
germ cells
produces primary spermatocytes
line seminiferous tubules
24
Q
what do sertoli cells secrete
A
inhibin
androgen binding protein
MIF
25
what do sertoli cells do
form the blood testis via tight junctions
support and nourish developing spermatozoa
regulate spermatogenesis
26
what part of the seminiferous tubules are temperature sensitive
sertoli cells - decrease sperm production with increased temperature
27
what part of the seminiferous tubules are not tempoeratur sensitive
leydig cells - testosterone production not affected by temperature
28
what are the femal homologs of granulosa cells
sertoli cells
| -- convert testosterone and androstenedione to estrogens via aromatoase
29
where are the sertoli cells
lin the seminiferous tubules
30
when does temperature of seminiferous tubules occur
varicocele
cryptochidism
worrry about for infertility
31
what is the homolog of the female theca internal cells
leydig cells/endocrine cells
32
what do leydig cells produces
testosterone when stimulated by LH
33
what are the sources of estrogen
```
17beta-estradiol = ovary
estriol = placenta
estrone = adipose tissue
```
34
list the estrogens in order of potency
17beta estradiol > estrone > striol
35
what does estrogen do to the genitalia and breast and fat in females
female fat distribution
| developes genitalia and breasts
36
what does estrogen do in the follicular phase
upregulates ER, LHr and PR
inhibits Lh and FHS then causes LH surge
growth of follicle
37
what does estrogen do to the endometrium
myometrium excitabiltiy increases
| causes endometrial proliferation
38
what does estrogen due to prolactin
stimulates production
39
what does estrogne cause the liver to do
increases SHBG
increases transport proteins
increases HDL
decreases LDL
40
describes what happens to estrogen in pregnancy
50 fold increase in estradiol and estrone
| 1000 fold increase in estriol
41
what enzyme is stimulated by LH
desmolate @ theca intenra cell
42
what enzyme is stimulated by FSH
aromatase @ graulosa cells
43
what do the theca interna cells do
~ leydig cells
| stimulated by LH - stimulates desmolase -- cholesterol to androgens
44
what do the granulosa cells do
~ sertoli cells
| stimulated by FSH - stimulates aromatase - androgens from theca interna cells - estrogens
45
where does progesterone come from
corpus luteum
placenta
adrenal cortex
testes
46
what does progesterone due to the endocmetrium
icnreases glaundular secretion
promotes spiral artery development
prevents endometrial hyperplasia
decreases myometrial excitability
47
what does progesterone do to cervical ucous
thickens
| prevents entrance of sprem
48
how does progesterone promote pregnancy
inhibits LH and FSH
causes uterine smooth muscle relaxation
decreases myometrial excitability
49
what does progesterone do to metabolism
increases body temperature
50
what happens when progesterone levels fall
disinhibits prolactin - causes lactation - increase progesterone is indicative of ovulation
51
what does the tanner stages of development use to describe puberty stages
pubic hair
breast development
penis stuffs
52
Describe tanner stage I
childhood
| prepubertal
53
describe tanner stage II
pubic hair apperas
| breast buds form
54
what is thelarch
breast buds form in tanner stage II
55
what is pubarche
pubic hair shows up in tanner stage II
56
describe tanner stage III
penis grows in length/size
breasts enlarge
pubic hair darkens and curls
57
desribe tanner stage IV
penis grows in width
darker scrotal skin
development of glans
raised areola
58
describe tanner stage V
adult
| areola are not raised
59
when does estrogen peak in teh cycle
day 14 to cause LH surge and small peak at day 21
60
when does progesterone peak
day 21 from corpus luteum
61
when does FSH peak
with eh LH surge at day 14
62
when does LH peak
just before ovulation near day 14
63
when does the graadian follicle mature
abour say seven as estrogen increases
64
when does ovulation occur
near day 14 after LH surge
| marks switch from follicular/proliferative phase and luteal/secreotry phase
65
when is the endometrium thickest
just after day 21 - progesterone peaked and wil start to decline with menses
66
what causes menstruation
regressing corpus lutem
67
which phase of the menstrual cycle is fixed
the luteal phase is always 14 days
68
which phase of the menstrual cycle is varibale
the follicular phase
69
how to calculate ovulation
ovulation + 14 days = menstruation
70
when is follicular gorwth the fastest
folllicular growth is fastest during second week of proliferative phase
estrogen causese myometrial proliferation
71
what hormone cuases endometrial proliferation
estrogen
72
what does progesterone do to the endometrium
maintains endometrium for implantation
73
what happens as a result of decrease rpogesterone
decreased fertility
74
define: pain with mensues; ofetn associated with endometriosis
dysmenorrhea
75
define: > 35 day cycle
one week more than normal
| oligorrhoea
76
define> < 21 day cycle
one week less than normal
| polymenorrhea
77
define: frequent or irrefular menstruation
metrorrhagia
| t for timing
78
define: heavy menstrual bleeding
menorrhagia
| > 80 ml blood loww of > 7 days of menses
79
define: heavy, irregular menstruation
menometrorrhagia
80
describe primary occytes
stuck in prophase one frmo start of life to completion of meiosis I ust before ovulation
81
describe secondary oocytes
stuck in metaphase II until fertilization
82
what happens to the secondary oocyte if not fertilized within one day
degenerates
83
describe an oogonium
diploid
2N (ploidy)
2N (chromatids)
46 single chromosomes
84
transition from an oogonium to the primary oocyte
replication/interphase
85
describe a primary oocyte
diploid
2n
4c
46 sister chromatids
86
transition from a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte
meiosis I
| arrested in prophase I until ovulation
87
describe a secondary oocyte
haploid
1N
2C
23 sister chromatids
88
transition from a secondary oocyte to an ovum
meiosis II
| arrested in metaphase II until fertilization
89
describe an ovum
haploid
1N
1C
23 single chromatids
90
list changes in chromosomes seen from progression frmo oogonium to ovum
oogonium- 46 single chromosomes (2N2C) --> primary oocyte - 46 sister chromatids (2N4C) --> secondary oocyte - 23 sister chromatids (1N2C) --> ovum - 23 single chromatids (1N1C)
91
changes in anterior pituitary at ovulation
increased receptors for estrogen and GnRH
92
what stimualtes ovulation
estrogen surge then stimulates LK release - ovluation/rupture of foolicle
93
what is mittelschemerz
transient mid cycle ovulatory pai
| classically associated with peritoneal irritation (follicular swelling/rupture, fallopian tube contraction)
94
list the pathologies that can mimic appendicitis
mittelschmerz
yersinia
?? one more, darn.
95
where does fertilizaiton most commonly occur
upper end of fallopian tueb at the ampulla
96
when does fertilization occur
within 1 day of ovulation
97
when does implantation occur
day 6 after fertilization
98
whenn is hCG from teh syncyctiotrophblasts detectabel in blood
1 week after conception
99
when is hCG from the syncyciotrophoblasts detecetalbe in urine
2 weeks after conception
100
when does hCG peak in pregos
week 10 and then week 30 smaller
101
what produes progesterone for the first ten weeks of pregnancy
corpus lutem
102
what produces progesterone from week ten to 40
pplacenta
103
what three hormones increase during pregnancy
prolactin
progestrone
estriol
104
what permis lactation
decreasein progesterone and estronge after laobe
105
what is required to maintain milk rpodcution
suckling - increases nerve stimulation - increase oxytoxin and prolactin
106
what is function fo prolactin
induces and maintains lactation and decrease reproductive function
107
what is function fo oxytocin
assists in milk letdown
| promotes uterine contraction
108
what is foudn in breast milk
maternal immuoglobulins - passive immunity mostly IgA
marophages
lymphocytes
109
benefits of breast feeding for baby
decreases allergies
descreases asthma
deccreases DM
decreaes obesity
110
what vitamin needs to be supplemented in exclusively breast fed munchkins
vitamin D
111
benefits of breast fedding for mother
decreased risk fo breast and ovarian cancres
| bonding with baby
112
what is the source of hCG
syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta
113
what is the function fo hCG
maintains the corpus luteam for 8-010 weeks by acting liek LH
114
what happens if no luteal stimulation by hCG
abortion
115
what happens when corpus luteum degenerates
placenta makes own estriol and progesterone
116
what is detected in pregos test
unique beta subunit
| alpha subunit shared with TSH, FSH, LH
117
when does hCG increase
hydatidiform mole
choriocarcinoma
multiple gestation
Down syndrome
118
when does hCG decrease
ectopic/failing pregnancy
Patau syndrome
Edward syndrome
119
what causes menopause
decreased estrogen production due to age linked decline in numbe of ovarian follicles
120
age of onset for menopause
average age is 51; earlier in smokers
| usually preceeded by 4-5 years of abnormal cycles
121
what indicates premature ovarian failure
menopause before age of 40
122
what is the source of estrogen after menopause
peripheral conversion of androgens (adipose - strone) = hirsuitism
123
what is sepcific marker for menopause
increased increased FSH
| loss of negative feedback on FSH due to decreased estrogen
124
describe the hormonal changes seen in menopause
```
decreased estrogen
increased icnreased FSH
increased LH with no surge
increased GnRH
NO FEEDBACK INHIBI BY ESTROGEN
```
125
list symptoms/complications fo menopause
```
HAVOCS
hot flahses
atrophy of vagina
osteoporosis
coronary artery disease
sleep disturbances
```
126
when does spermatogensis occur
at puberty from spermatogonia to spermatids
127
what is spermiogenesis
sermatids to mature spermatozoon - oss of cytoplasmic contents, gain of acrosomal cap
128
gonium is going to b ea sperm
zoon is zooming to egg
129
describe a spermatogonium
diploid
2n2c
46 single chromosomes
X-Y
130
transition from spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte
replication/interphase
131
describe a primary sprematocyte
diploid
2n4c
46 sister chromatids
XX- YY
132
primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
meiosis I
133
describe a secondary spermatocyte
haploid
1n2c
23 sister chromatids
xx OR yy
134
tranistion from secondary spermatocyte to spermatid
meiosis II
135
describe a spermatid
haploid
1n1c
23 single chromosomes
x or y
136
list the changes from a spermatagonium to a spermatid
spermatogonium (diploid, 2n2c, 46 single chromsomes, X-Y)
replication/interphase
primary spermatocyte (diploid, 2n4c, 46 sister chromatids XX-YY)
meiosis I
secondary sprematocyte (haploid, 1n2c, 23 sister chromatids, X-x or Y-y)
meiosis II
spermatids (haploid, 1n1c, 23 single chromsomes, W or Y)
137
desribe a mature spermatozoon
hapoid
1n1c
acrosome/head/nucelus/neck/middle piece tail
138
how are sperm affected in ciliary diskinesia
aka karragener sydnrome
| impaired talk mobility - inferitilit
139
list the androgens
testosterone
dihydroandrostenedione
androstenedione
140
what are the sources of each androgen
testosterone and dihydroandrostenedione - testis
| androstenedione - adrenal
141
what is the role of testosterone in differentiation
differentiation of epididymis, vas deferense, seminal vesicles
ie genitalia except prostate
TES= VES
142
what does testosterone do in growth spurt
penis, seminal vesciles, sperm, muscle, RBC
| deepnds voice
143
what secondary testosterone characeristics due to testosterone
deepens voice
closign of epiphyseal plates - estrogen converted from testosterone
libido
144
what does DHT do in differentiation
penis, scrotum, prostate
| DNT=SPP
145
what does DHT do after differentiation
prostate growth
bading
sebaceous gland activity
146
what inhibits 5 alpha reductase
finesteride
147
what does 5 alpha reductase do
testosterone to DHT
148
where is cytochrome P450 aromatase located
in teh adipose tissues and testis
| androgens to estrogens at adipose tissues and testis
149
what is the result fo exogenous testosterone
inhibtion of hypothalmic-pituitary -gonadal axis - decreased intratesticular tesotsterone - decrease testicular size - azoospermia (testosterone causes growth of penis, seminal vesciles sperm msucles and rbc and differentiation of epififymis, vas deferens, smeinal vesicles)
150
order the a) testosterones and b) estrogens in order of highest to lowest potency
DHT > testosterone > androstenedione
| 17 beta estradiol > estrone > estriol
