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Reproductive - step > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

site of produciton fo sonic hedgehog

A

base of limbs in zole of ploarizing activity

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2
Q

what is role of sonic hedgehog

A

patterning along ANTERIOR POSTERIOR AXIS

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3
Q

what happens if sonic hedgehog mutation

A

CNS development anterior posterior

holoprosencephaly

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4
Q

where is wnt-7 produced

A

apical ectodermal ridge at the distal end of each limb = thickened ectodermal ridge

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5
Q

what does wnt-7 do?

A

necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis

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6
Q

where is fgf made?

A

at apical ecotdermal ridge

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7
Q

what does fgf do?

A

stimulates mitosis of underlying mesodrem

lentening of limbs

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8
Q

what are homeobox genes

A

involved in segmental organization fo embryo in a craniocaudal direction

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9
Q

what do hox genes code for

A

transcription factors

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10
Q

what happens if hox genes are mutated

A

appendages in wrong locations

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11
Q

name the gene involved in anterior posterior axis

A

sonic hedgehog

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12
Q

name the gene invovled in ventral dorsal organization

A

wnt7

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13
Q

name the gene involved in lengethening of limbs

A

FGF

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14
Q

name the gene involved in craniocaudal direction

A

homeobox genes

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15
Q

describe what is happenign on day 0 of early fetal development

A

fertilization by sperm, formign zygote and initaiting embroygensis

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16
Q

what happens in the first week of early fetal development

A

hCG production begins aroudn the time of implantatino of the blastcyst

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17
Q

when does the blastocyst implant

A

day 6

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18
Q

what happens in the second week fo early fetal development

A

bilaminar disc - epiblast and hypoblast

two weeks, two layers

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19
Q

what happens in the third week of early fetal development

A

trimaniar disc
gastrulation
primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organiation and neural plate begins to form

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20
Q

when is the embryonic period?

A

3rd to 8th week of gestation

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21
Q

when does the neural tube form and close

A

tis formed by neuroectoderm beginning at third week and closes by week 4

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22
Q

what goes on in the embryonic period

A

neural tube formes from neuroectoderm and clsoes by week 4
organogensis
EXTREMELY SUSCEPTIBLE TO TERATOGENS

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23
Q

when does the heart first start to beat

A

week 4

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24
Q

whne do upper and lower limb buds begin to form

A

week 4

4 weeks = 4 limbs

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25
Q

when is the heart beat first able to be heard via transvaginal ulstrasound

A

week 6

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26
Q

what happens in week 6

A

fetal cardiac activity visible by transaginal ultrasound

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27
Q

when deos the genitalia have male and female characteristics?

A

week 10

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28
Q

what happens in week 10

A

genitalia have male and female characteristics

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29
Q

define gastrulation

A

proces that forms the trilaminar embryonic dist

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30
Q

when does gastrulation happen

A

week three

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31
Q

what is the result of gastrulation

A

estabilshed the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm gem layers

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32
Q

how does gastrulatio begin

A

starts wtih teh epiblast invaginationg to form the primitve streak

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33
Q

what is forming at the same time in gastrulation

A

primitive streak
notochord
mesoderm and its organization
neural plate beigns to form

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34
Q

define: agenesis

A

absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

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35
Q

define: aplasia

A

absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue

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36
Q

hypoplasia

A

incomplete organ development, primordial tissue present

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37
Q

define: deformation

A

extrinsic disruption; occurs after embryonic period (308 weeks)

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38
Q

define: disruption

A

secondary breakdown of previously normal tissue or struture

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39
Q

what type of error in organ morphogenesis is amniotic band syndrome

A

disruption - secondary breakdown or previously normal tissue or struture

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40
Q

define: malformation

A

intrinsic disruption

occurs during embryonic period 3-8th week

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41
Q

what is a sequecne

A

abnormalities result form a signel primary mbryologic event

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42
Q

when is the developing baby most susceptible to teratogens

A

in the embryonic period
organogenesis
3rd to 8th week

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43
Q

describe effect of teratogens before the embryonic period

A

all or none effect

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44
Q

describe effect of teratogens after week 8

A

growth and function affected

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45
Q

what is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the USA

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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46
Q

what is the most common cause of low birth weight in developed countries

A

smoking

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47
Q

effects of alcohol on fetus

A

increased incidence of congeintal abnormalities
pre and postnalta developmental retardation
microcephaly
facial abnormalities - smooth philtrum, hypertelorism, limb disolcation, heart defects
heart lung fistulas
holoprosencephay

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48
Q

what is the mechanism behind congenital abnormalities in fetal alcohol syndrome

A

failed migration

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49
Q

describe facial anomalies in fetal alcohol syndrome

A

smooth philtrum

hypertelorsim - organs are too far apart

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50
Q

what are the most severe abnormalities in fetal alcohol syndrome

A

holoprosencephaly and heart lung fistulas

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51
Q

what are the toher defects in fetal alcohol syndrome besides facial abonrmaolities

A

heart defects
limb dislocation
intellectural disabiltiy
microcephaly

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52
Q 
what is the teratogen
smooth philtrum
heart lung fistula
hypertelorism
intellectula disability
microcephaly
heart defects
limb disolcation
A

alcohol!

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53
Q

most common cause of low birth weight in deeloped coutnries

A

smoking in rpegnancy

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54
Q

most common casue of intellectual disability in developed countries

A

alcohol

55
Q

whats the difference between dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins

A

dizygotic twins - from two egges separtely fertilzed by two different sperm - alwasy two zygotes with two separate amnion and two separtae placenta

monozygotic - from 1 fertilized egg and 1 sperm that splits into 2 zygotes before day 13.

56
Q

what determines the number of chorins/placenta and amnion/fetal membranes in monozygotic twins

A

the timing of the separtion fo the 1 fertilzied egg

57
Q

describe type of monozygotic twins that cocurs if division occurs between teh 2 cell stage and the morula

A

dichorionic
diamniotic
monozygotic twins

58
Q

describe type of monozygotic twins that occurs if division occurs between the morula and the blastocyst

A

monochorionic
diamniotic
monozygotic twins
one placenta and two sets of membranes

59
Q

describe type of monozygotic twins that occurs if cleavage occurs bweetn the blastocyst and formed embryonic disc stage

A 
monochorionic
monoamniotic 
monozygotic twins
one placenta
one set of membranes
60
Q

what happens i fcleavate happens greater than 13 days after the formed embroyonic dis c has formed
monozygotic twins

A

monochorionic
monoaminotic
conjoined

61
Q

twins if celavge between days 0 and 4

A

dichorionic diamniotic with fused or separate palcentas

62
Q

twins if cleavage between days 4 and 8

A

monochorionic diamniotic monozygotes

morula - blastocyst

63
Q

twins if cleavage between 8 and 12 days

A

monochorionic monoamniotic monozygotes

blastocyst - formed embryonic dise

64
Q

twins if cleavage at > 13 days

A

monochorionic monoamniotic conjoined monozygotic twins

65
Q

what is the most common type of monozygotic twin

A

monochorionic diamniotic monozygotic twins
days 4-8
morula and blastocyst

66
Q

what is second most common type of monozygotic twin

A

dichorionic diamniotic monozygotic twins fused or seprate palcenta
days 0-4
two day cell to morula

67
Q

what is the placenta

A

first site of nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus

68
Q

what is the fetal component of the placenta

A

cytotrophoblast

syncytiotrophoblast

69
Q

what is the cytotrophoblast

A

inner layer of chorionic villi near featl vessels

makes cells

70
Q

what is the syncyciotrophblast

A

outer layer of chorionic villi near maternal blood

makes hCG

71
Q

what is the maternal component of the placenta

A

decidua basalis

72
Q

what is the decidua basalis dericed from

A

endometrium

73
Q

where is maternal blodo int eh palcenta

A

between the decidua basalis and the syncyctiotrophoblasts

74
Q

describe what youd see in the cross section of the umbilical cord

A

two umbilical arteirs - bringin blodo back from the fetus to the placenta
one umbilical vein - takign blood fromplacenta to the lier and then IVC of to teh IVC via the ductus venosus and the allantoic duct amonsgt wharton jelly

75
Q

what causes a 2 vessel cord

A

congenital and chromosomal anomalies - single umbilical artery

76
Q

what does the umbilical artery do

A

returns deozygenated blodo from fetal internal iliac arteries to palcenta

77
Q

what doe the umbilical vein do

A

supplies oxygenated blodo from placenta to dutus

drains into IVC via liver or via ductus venosus

78
Q

what is the urachus

A

@ 3rd week - yolk sac froms the allontois - extends into the urogenital sinus
allantois becomes the urachus - a duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac

79
Q

what is a patent urachus

A

total failure of the urachus to obliterate - urine fischarge form umbilicus

80
Q

what is a urachal cyst

A

partial failure of urachus to obliterate - fluid filled vaivity lines with uroepithelium btween the umbilicus and bladder

81
Q

consequences of urachal cysts

A

infection

adenocarcinoma

82
Q

what is a vesicourachal diverticulum

A

slight failure of urachus to obliterate causes outpouchign of bladder

83
Q

what is a urachus

A

the allontosi at third week connected the yold sac to the urogenital sinus – becomes a urachs that acts as a duct between teh fetal bladder and yolk sac

84
Q

what is the vitelline duct

A

at the 7th week obliteration fo the vitelline dut/omphalo-mesenteric duct that connects the yok sac to the midgut lumen

85
Q

what is a vitelline fistula

A

vitelline duct fails to close - meconium distchange fromumbilicus

86
Q

what is a meckel diverticulm

A

partial closure of vitelline duct with patent portion attacted to ileum
a true diverticulum

87
Q

melena
hematochezia
abdominal pain

A

partial closeure of vitelline duct with patent portion attahed to ituem
true diverticulum
meckeldiverticulum

88
Q

what type of tissue can be present in meckel diverticlum

A

pancreatic/gastric

89
Q

urine from the umbilicus = ?

A

patent urachus

90
Q

meconiium from teh umbilicus = ?

A

vitelline fistula

91
Q

what is the pathogeneis sof cleft lip?

A

failure of the fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes - formation fo primary palate

92
Q

what results if maxillary adn medial nasal processes fail to fuse

A

no primary palate

cleft lip

93
Q

what is the pathogenesis of cleft palate

A

failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine processes
OR
failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with the nasal septum and or medial palatine processes
= formation of the secondary palate

94
Q

what happens if the two lateral palatine processes fail to fuse

A

cleft palate

95
Q

what happens if the lateral palatine process fails to fuse with the nasal septum

A

cleft palate

96
Q

what happens in teh lateral palatine process fails to fuse with the medial palatine process

A

cleft palate

97
Q

describe the anatomic deltas in hypospadias

A

abnormal openign on the ventral side

98
Q

what causes hypospadias

A

failure of the urethral folds to fuse

99
Q

what is associated with hypospadias

A

inguinal hernia and cyrptorchidism

100
Q

name the defect associated with inguinal herina and cryptochidism

A

hypospadias

101
Q

which is mroe common, hypospadias or epispadias

A

hypospadiaes

102
Q

describe the anatomic deltas in epispadiasis

A

abnormal opening of the dorsal surface of penis

103
Q

what causes epispadiasis

A

faulty positioning of the genital tubercle

104
Q

what other findings are associated with epispadias

A

bladder exstrophy

105
Q

what else is associated with bladder exstrophy

A

epispadiasis

106
Q

failure of the urethral folds to fuse

A

hypospadias

107
Q

faulty positiong of hte genital tubercle

A

epispadias

108
Q

whats the role of the gubernaculum

A

tis a band of fibrous tissue that ancors the testes wtihin the scrotum

109
Q

what does the gubernaculum become in feamles

A

the round ligament and the ovarian ligament
round ligament is from fundus to labia majora
ovarian ligament is from fundus to ovary

110
Q

when do you suspect urethral injury

A

if see blood at the urethral meatus

111
Q

what type of damage do you suspect if person has a pelvic fracture or blunt force

A

posterior urethra - membranous portion

urine into the retropubic space

112
Q

what type of famage do you suspect in a perineal straddle injuery

A

anterior urethra - penile urethra at risk of damage

cause urin to leak beneath deep fascia of buck

113
Q

what happen sif buck fascia is torn

A

urine can leak into superficial perineal space

114
Q

what is injured if you see urine in the retropubic spave

A

membranous portion of urethra

115
Q

what is injured if urine is contained in bucks fascia

A

penile portion of the urethra

116
Q

what is injuered if you see urine in the superfiical perineal space

A

bucks fascia has ruptured and penile urethra inuered

117
Q

what are teh efects of NO on the male sexual response

A

No - icnrease cGMP - smooth muscle relaxation - vasodilation - proecertile

118
Q

what are the effects of NE on the male sexual response

A

NE - increases intracellular calcium – smooth muscle contraction – vasoconstriction – antierectile

119
Q

what causes a) Erection b) emission and c) ejaculation in male sexual response

A

a) parasympathetic in the pelvic nerve
b) sympahtetic in the hypogastic nerve
c) visceral and somating in the pudendal nerve

120
Q

how do PDE-5 inhibitors work

A

inhibit cGMP breakdown.

sildenafil

121
Q

what wont happen if pelvic nerve ruined

A

no erection - parasympathetmc

122
Q

what wont happen if hypogastric nerve damaged

A

no emission - sympahtetic

123
Q

what wont happen if pudendal nerve damaged

A

no ejactulation - visceral and somatic

124
Q

describe the stages of the female sexual response

A

excitement - plateau - orgasm - resolution

125
Q

what happens in female sexual response of excitement

A

excitement - uterus elevates

vaginal lubrication

126
Q

what happens in female sexual response of platuea

A

expansion of inner vagina

127
Q

what happens in female sexual response of orgasn

A

uterine contractions

128
Q

what mediates the female sexual response

A

autonomic nervous system

129
Q

what accompanies the female sexual response

A

tachycardia and skin flushing

130
Q

what phase of female sexual response: uterus elevates and vaginal lubs

A

excitement

131
Q

what phase of female sexual response: uterine contractions

A

orgasm

132
Q

what phase of female sexual response: expansion fo inner vagina

A

platuea

133
Q

what is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation

A

SEVEN UP

seminiferous tubules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory ducts - urethra - penis

Reproductive - step (11 decks)

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