Feeding And Digestion Flashcards
An animal diet provides…
Chemical energy
Organic building blocks
Four classes of essential nutrients
Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals
Essential amino acids
Animals can make about half of the 20 needed amino acids
Protiens in animals provide all amino acids - complete protiens
Most plants don’t have all amino acids - incomplete
Essential Fatty Acids
Animals can make most fatty acids
Fatty acid deficiencies are rare
The Fatty acid profile of an animals tissue can tell about their diet
Vitamins
Organic molecules needed in very small amounts
2 kinds - Fat-soluble and water-soluble
Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
Water - B,C
Fat - A,D,E,K
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients usually needed in small amounts
Diverse functions
Large amount of some minerals can cause homeostatic imbalance
Malnutrition
An unbalance in critical nutrients, too much or too little
Undernutrition
Shortage of essential nutrients or caloric intake
Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause… and how do animals avoid?
Deformities, disease and death
Herbivores may lick salts or concentrated minerals
Carnivores may switch prey
Deficiencies in energy intake can cause…
Body uses up stored fats and carbohydrates then moves onto protiens
Main stages of food processing
Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, nutrients absorption, excretion
Feeding strategies
Suspension/filter feeders
Sunstrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders
Intracellular vs Extracellular digestion
Intra - I’m cells, phagocytosis
Extra - outside cells, in intestine for example
Digestive track with two openings
Alimentary canal
Food is pushed by
Peristalsis
Muscles that control food movement
Sphincters
Crop
Before stomach, storage
Gizzard
After stomach, used to grind food
Shark’s plan that helps increase surface area
Spiral valve
Organs attached to small intestine
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Liver
Makes bile, emulsifiers help digestion and absorption of fats
Pancreas
Produces protease trypsin and chymotripsin
Solution neutralizes acidic chyme
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Human digestive track
Mouth (with salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
Chewed up ball of food
Bolus
Salivary amylase
In saliva (unsurprisingly), breaks down glucose
Stomach lining cells
Mucous cells
Chief cells - secretes pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)
Parietal cells - release gastric juices (hydrocloric acid)
Microvili are on the ______ cells
Epithelial cells
Something at the start of the large intestine that helps ferment plant material
Cecum
Chemical digestion: Carbohydrates
Salivary amylase (mouth)
Pancreatic amylase (small intestine)
Chemical digestion: protien
Pepsin (stomach)
Pancreatic trypsin and chymotripsin
Some enzymes from epithelium
(Small intestine)
Chemical digestion: Fat
Pancreatic Lipase
Main hormones in hormonal control of digestion
Gastrin
Secretin
CCK
Hormonal control: food enters stomach
Stomach expands and simulates gastrin, gastrin simulates gastric juices excretion
Hormonal control: Food enters small intestine
Duodenum responds to amino acids and fatty acids and realses CKK and Secretin. CCK stimulates pancreas for enzymes and gallbladder for bile. Secretin stimulates bicarbonate to neutralize chyme.
Hormonal control: Fatty foods enters small intestine
Inhibits CCK and secretin to slow down stomach
Teeth, front to back
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Carnivore vs herbivore digestion system differences
Carnivores have a larger stomach
Herbivores have a larger cecum
What digests Cellulose?
Microorganisms, not enzymes!
Coprophagy
Eating own excrements
Ruminants
Herbivores like cow that re-chew food
Cow for chamber order
Rumen (Cellulose digestion)
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum (acidic stomach)
First part of the small intestine
Duodenum
Alimentary canals. Earth worms vs. Grasshopper vs. Birds
Earthworms: Crop and gizzard but no stomach
Grasshopper: Crop and gastric cecae but no gizzard or stomach
Bird: Crop, stomach and gizzard
How does stomach acid digest?
Denatures protiens, making Peptide bonds more avaliable to breakq
