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Biology The Biosphere > Feeding And Digestion > Flashcards

Feeding And Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

An animal diet provides…

A

Chemical energy
Organic building blocks

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2
Q

Four classes of essential nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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3
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Animals can make about half of the 20 needed amino acids
Protiens in animals provide all amino acids - complete protiens
Most plants don’t have all amino acids - incomplete

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4
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

Animals can make most fatty acids
Fatty acid deficiencies are rare
The Fatty acid profile of an animals tissue can tell about their diet

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5
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic molecules needed in very small amounts

2 kinds - Fat-soluble and water-soluble

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6
Q

Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins

A

Water - B,C

Fat - A,D,E,K

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7
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic nutrients usually needed in small amounts
Diverse functions
Large amount of some minerals can cause homeostatic imbalance

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8
Q

Malnutrition

A

An unbalance in critical nutrients, too much or too little

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9
Q

Undernutrition

A

Shortage of essential nutrients or caloric intake

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10
Q

Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause… and how do animals avoid?

A

Deformities, disease and death

Herbivores may lick salts or concentrated minerals
Carnivores may switch prey

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11
Q

Deficiencies in energy intake can cause…

A

Body uses up stored fats and carbohydrates then moves onto protiens

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12
Q

Main stages of food processing

A

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, nutrients absorption, excretion

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13
Q

Feeding strategies

A

Suspension/filter feeders
Sunstrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders

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14
Q

Intracellular vs Extracellular digestion

A

Intra - I’m cells, phagocytosis

Extra - outside cells, in intestine for example

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15
Q

Digestive track with two openings

A

Alimentary canal

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16
Q

Food is pushed by

A

Peristalsis

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17
Q

Muscles that control food movement

A

Sphincters

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18
Q

Crop

A

Before stomach, storage

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19
Q

Gizzard

A

After stomach, used to grind food

20
Q

Shark’s plan that helps increase surface area

A

Spiral valve

21
Q

Organs attached to small intestine

A

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

22
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile, emulsifiers help digestion and absorption of fats

23
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces protease trypsin and chymotripsin
Solution neutralizes acidic chyme

24
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

25
Q

Human digestive track

A

Mouth (with salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

26
Q

Chewed up ball of food

A

Bolus

27
Q

Salivary amylase

A

In saliva (unsurprisingly), breaks down glucose

28
Q

Stomach lining cells

A

Mucous cells
Chief cells - secretes pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)
Parietal cells - release gastric juices (hydrocloric acid)

29
Q

Microvili are on the ______ cells

A

Epithelial cells

30
Q

Something at the start of the large intestine that helps ferment plant material

A

Cecum

31
Q

Chemical digestion: Carbohydrates

A

Salivary amylase (mouth)

Pancreatic amylase (small intestine)

32
Q

Chemical digestion: protien

A

Pepsin (stomach)

Pancreatic trypsin and chymotripsin
Some enzymes from epithelium
(Small intestine)

33
Q

Chemical digestion: Fat

A

Pancreatic Lipase

34
Q

Main hormones in hormonal control of digestion

A

Gastrin
Secretin
CCK

35
Q

Hormonal control: food enters stomach

A

Stomach expands and simulates gastrin, gastrin simulates gastric juices excretion

36
Q

Hormonal control: Food enters small intestine

A

Duodenum responds to amino acids and fatty acids and realses CKK and Secretin. CCK stimulates pancreas for enzymes and gallbladder for bile. Secretin stimulates bicarbonate to neutralize chyme.

37
Q

Hormonal control: Fatty foods enters small intestine

A

Inhibits CCK and secretin to slow down stomach

38
Q

Teeth, front to back

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

39
Q

Carnivore vs herbivore digestion system differences

A

Carnivores have a larger stomach
Herbivores have a larger cecum

40
Q

What digests Cellulose?

A

Microorganisms, not enzymes!

41
Q

Coprophagy

A

Eating own excrements

42
Q

Ruminants

A

Herbivores like cow that re-chew food

43
Q

Cow for chamber order

A

Rumen (Cellulose digestion)
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum (acidic stomach)

44
Q

First part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

45
Q

Alimentary canals. Earth worms vs. Grasshopper vs. Birds

A

Earthworms: Crop and gizzard but no stomach

Grasshopper: Crop and gastric cecae but no gizzard or stomach

Bird: Crop, stomach and gizzard

46
Q

How does stomach acid digest?

A

Denatures protiens, making Peptide bonds more avaliable to breakq

Biology The Biosphere (22 decks)

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