Animal Respiration Flashcards
Respiratory Mediums
Air, lots of O²
Water has less O² and is harder to move through passages so grater efficiency is needed
Respiratory surface characteristics
Needs to be:
Large
Thin
Moist
Ventilation
The movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface. Aquatic animals may move around or create current of water over gills
Countercurrent exchange
In fish: where blood flows in the opposite direction to the water passing over the gills
Tracheal system
Tiny systems of branching tubes that meet the outside of the skin. Branches greatly to reach every cell by a cell or two.
Air sacs near areas of high demand.
Separate from circulatory system.
Tracheal tube characteristics
Spiracle openings.
Tracheae and Tracheoles.
Tracheae are big and lined with chiten, tracheoles are smaller and not lined to allow for gas exchange
Amphibian lungs
Amphibians have relatively small or no lungs. Amphibians rely heavily on skin as a respiratory surface
Positive pressure breathing and frog example
Inflating lungs by forcing air in.
Frogs lower mouth floor to pull in air then close nostrils and push air into the lungs.
Bird lungs
Has anterior and posterior air sacs.
Parabronchi - relatively inflexible, air moves only in one direction.
Completely ventilated- all air that goes in comes out.
Negative pressure breathing
Humans.
Pull lungs bigger to pull air in
Mammalian lung tube order and things at the end
Larynx > trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveoli
Inspiration
Ventilating mammalian lungs
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to increase space in thoracic cavity, air pulled in
Expiration
Passive process
Muscles relax
Air pushed out
Hemoglobin
Respiratory pigment in most vertebrates and some invertebrates
Carries most (98.5%) of O² in blood.
Two types of respiratory pigments
Hemoglobin
Hemocyanin (Arthropods and many Molluscs)
