Feed and Feedstuffs II

Question 1

what are some methods of utilizing forages?

Answer 1

pasture, hay, silage, haylage, baleage

Question 2

how should pastures be managed?

Answer 2

monitor quality and growth; use paddocks/rotational grazing; manage with mowing, fertilization or herbicides; proper stocking rate

Question 3

what is the pasture concern regarding bloat?

Answer 3

risk on legume pasture due to lush plant material (highly soluble nutrients)

Question 4

when is there a concern for clover ingestion?

Answer 4

early spring

Question 5

what is the pasture concern regarding nitrate?

Answer 5

nitrate poisoning - accumulation after drought or fertilization, causes abortion or death

Question 6

What is moisture content of green chop?

Answer 6

moisture content of >80%, straight from field to animal feed

Question 7

What is moisture content of silage?

Answer 7

high moisture >70%, wilted have 60-70% moisture, sits in anaerobic environment and undergoes fermentation

Question 8

what is moisture content of haylage?

Answer 8

40-60% moisture, undergoes some fermentation

Question 9

what is moisture content of baleage?

Answer 9

50-60%, stored in sealed plastic wrap while wet

Question 10

what is moisture content of hay?

Answer 10

15-20%

Question 11

what is always the concern with harvesting roughages?

Answer 11

mold

Question 12

what are preserved long fiber roughages?

Answer 12

hay or haylage/baleage, anaerobic conditions and moisture required

Question 13

what are preserved short fiber roughages?

Answer 13

chopped fibers - silage

Question 14

What must the moisture content of hay be when harvested?

Answer 14

max 15-20% or risk of fire with >20% moisture - let it sit for 48 hours to dry out

Question 15

when is the highest risk of fire during hay harvesting?

Answer 15

within 7 days of baling

Question 16

how does nutritional value change as hay matures?

Answer 16

more fiber and higher yield, less nutritional value, lower digestibility

Question 17

what is leaf shatter in terms of hay losses?

Answer 17

hay loss with about 20% loss - leaves contain all of the soluble nutrients - loss of protein, sugars, starch

Question 18

what is heat damage associated with hay losses?

Answer 18

> 25-30% moisture leads to excess heat and mold. above 120 F, nutrient loss occurs - protein loss due to binding to carbs

Question 19

what can occur if hay reaches 160 F?

Answer 19

spontaneous combustion

Question 20

what is fermentation loss in terms of hay loss?

Answer 20

concert sugars and starches to CO2 and water - reduced energy

Question 21

what is a consequence of bleaching of hay?

Answer 21

stored hay loses vitamin A

Question 22

what are preservatives applied at baling?

Answer 22

proprionic acid and formic acid = anti-fungals

Question 23

what is anhydrous ammonia?

Answer 23

treatment for low quality (high fiber) hay to improve protein and energy content - dissolves lignin, increasing digestibility and N content

Question 24

what is bovine bonkers?

Answer 24

ammoniated forage poisoning caused by reaction between ammonia and sugars in hay

Question 25

what is the ideal moisture range when bailing dry hay?

Answer 25

15-20%

Question 26

how is silage/haylage/baleage harvested?

Answer 26

entire plant is cut, chopped, preserved by fermentation - named depends on moisture level, plant, and fiber length

Question 27

what is silage/haylage/baleage?

Answer 27

product of controlled fermentation of green roughages retaining high moisture content

Question 28

what are the products of fermentation of sugars?

Answer 28

organic acids (primarily lactic acid) - exhausts O2

Question 29

what conditions are required for fermentation?

Answer 29

anaerobic

Question 30

what are moisture levels for fermentation and storage?

Answer 30

50-70% moisture range target

Question 31

what are some issues if fermentation is too wet?

Answer 31

turns sour

Question 32

what are some Issues is fermentation is too dry?

Answer 32

no fermentation - can add water to help

Question 33

What is the penn state forage particle separator?

Answer 33

separates components of silage based on particle sizes; indicator of quality as particle size determines rate of fermentation, digestibility of silage, and rumination

Question 34

how is mold inhibited during fermentation in the silo?

Answer 34

due to lack of oxygen

Question 35

what does lactic acid do to pH in the first 4 days of fermentation in the silo?

Answer 35

reduced pH from 6 to 4.2

Question 36

what does the lowered pH caused by lactic acid do during fermentation in the silo?

Answer 36

prevents bacterial growth and further fermentation as long as there is NO oxygen

Question 37

what do temperatures above 100 F in the silo cause?

Answer 37

carmelization, not fermentation

Question 38

if pH rises during fermentation, what can occur?

Answer 38

listeriosis and botulism

Question 39

what do oilseeds provide?

Answer 39

protein

Question 40

what do cereal grains provide?

Answer 40

energy

Question 41

what are whole seeds of oilseeds used for?

Answer 41

seeds are high in oil and protein

Question 42

what is the remaining residue after oil extraction from oilseeds high in?

Answer 42

protein - referred to as "meal"

Question 43

what do trypsin inhibitors do in young animals?

Answer 43

cause atrophy of intestinal villi

Question 44

what must happen to whole soybeans before feeding?

Answer 44

must be heat-treated because they contain trypsin inhibitors that decrease protein digestion

Question 45

what do lectins do caused by trypsin inhibitors?

Answer 45

bind carbs in intestines

Question 46

what do phytoestrogens do caused by trypsin inhibitors?

Answer 46

mimic estrogen

Question 47

what are soybeans most commonly used as?

Answer 47

protein supplement for swine and poultry

Question 48

what is gossypol toxicity?

Answer 48

yellow compound in cottonseeds, free form is toxic to heart, lungs, repro organs. mature ruminants generally not susceptible

Question 49

what can protect/prevent against gossypol toxicity?

Answer 49

iron salts and high protein can be protective, heat and processing can inactivate

Question 50

what does gossypol do in the rumen?

Answer 50

binds to soluble proteins in the rumen and prevents absorption

Question 51

what do rapeseeds contain?

Answer 51

glucosinolates - inhibit metabolism of thyroid gland and induce goiter

Question 52

what is canola?

Answer 52

hybrid of rapeseed, low in glucosinolates

Question 53

what are cereal grains?

Answer 53

high in energy, includes seeds from grasses, high in starch

Question 54

what is the most common protein supplement fed to swine and poultry?

Answer 54

soybean meal

Question 55

what are the nutrient contents of corn?

Answer 55

low crude protein, lysine and tryptophan are limiting, needs processing to be well-utilized by animals

Question 56

what must be done to sorghum prior to being fed?

Answer 56

must heat-treat due to tannins in outer layer reacting to enzymes in the GIT that reduce digestibility

Question 57

what is the concern with wheat and moos?

Answer 57

risk of acidosis in cattle because highly fermentable starch - limit to 50% of grain intake

Question 58

what are distiller's grainss?

Answer 58

residues of grains fermented to make liquorw

Question 59

what are brewer's grains?

Answer 59

barley fermentation to make beer

Question 60

what is beet pulp?

Answer 60

palatable, soluble fiber that is a good energy source for horses

Question 61

why are molasses important?

Answer 61

reduce dust, binding agent

Question 62

Can meat and bone meal be fed to ruminants?

Answer 62

NO due to risk of BSE

Question 63

what do oils and fats do in terms of dust?

Answer 63

reduces dust