Feed and Feedstuffs I

Question 1

What are the nutrient categories? Which nutrient is provided by fat and carbs?

Answer 1

water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals. Energy

Question 2

how is water supplied?

Answer 2

supplied by drinking fresh water

Question 3

when should fresh water be available? are there any exceptions?

Answer 3

always, except after hard exercise in horses

Question 4

what is consumption based on?

Answer 4

dry matter intake

Question 5

how is energy measured?

Answer 5

kcal = 1000 calories, Mcal = 1000 kcal

Question 6

what is TDN?

Answer 6

total digestible nutrients

Question 7

in horses and other non-ruminant diets, how is protein generally referred as?

Answer 7

crude protein

Question 8

how is protein defined in ruminants?

Answer 8

degradable intake protein - used by rumen microbes
undegradable intake protein (bypass protein) - important to help meet protein needs of high producing dairy moos

Question 9

why is dry matter content important?

Answer 9

accurately calculate other nutrients and determine how much an animal will eat

Question 10

how are non-structural carbohydrates determined?

Answer 10

by calculation

Question 10

what are the structural components of plants?

Answer 10

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin from cell wall components - resistant to mammalian enzymes

Question 11

what are cell contents of plants?

Answer 11

soluble cell components - proteins, sugars, starches

Question 12

what does photosynthesis make?

Answer 12

glucose which can be turned into starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Question 13

As a plant matures, what happens to digestibility?

Answer 13

it decreases

Question 14

What is crude fiber?

Answer 14

estimates indigestible portion - not reliable

Question 15

what is NDF?

Answer 15

neutral detergent fiber - hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

Question 16

what is ADF?

Answer 16

cellulose and lignin

Question 17

what does ADF measure?

Answer 17

estimating the most indigestible portion - as ADF increases, digestibility decreases

Question 18

what is NDF a predictor of?

Answer 18

voluntary intake - provides bulk or fill

Question 19

how is NDF a predictor of voluntary feed intake?

Answer 19

used as an index of gut fill

Question 20

What is a desirable NDF value for horses?

Answer 20

less than 40%

Question 21

What is the order of digestibility of these in the rumen? cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose

Answer 21

hemicellulose (most digestible), cellulose, lignin (indigestible)

Question 22

what is ADF a measure of?

Answer 22

cellulose and lignin

Question 23

what is the relationship between lignin and digestibility of cellulose?

Answer 23

as lignin increases, digestibility of cellulose decreases

Question 24

how are ADF and overall digestibility correlated?

Answer 24

as ADF increases, digestibility decreases (negative correlation)

Question 25

what are non structural carbohydrates?

Answer 25

soluble component found in the plant's cell contents

Question 26

what are the soluble components of the plant's cell contents?

Answer 26

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose), starch, organic acids

Question 27

What is considered VERY important in horse nutrition according to the notes?

Answer 27

NSC

Question 28

What comprises forages (roughages)

Answer 28

high in structural carbs and low in energy

Question 29

what percent of roughage is crude fiber?

Answer 29

>18%

Question 30

how are roughages subdivided?

Answer 30

carbonaceous: non-legume forages (timothy, orchard grass) proteinaceous: alfalfa, clover

Question 31

how does roughage change in nutrient content as it matures?

Answer 31

all nutrients decrease (particularly energy and protein) and fiber increases

Question 32

what happens to Bermuda grass when it becomes over mature?

Answer 32

becomes very fibrous

Question 33

how does bermuda grass spread?

Answer 33

rhizomes (below ground stems) and stolons (above ground stems)

Question 34

What are ryegrass staggers?

Answer 34

fungal endophyte in seed head that makes toxins - affects horses, moos, sheep, llamas - perennial ryegrass - recovery if removed from pasture early

Question 35

what causes facial eczema?

Answer 35

saprophytic fungus growing on dead ryegrass produces sporidesmins - photosensitization - perennial ryegrass

Question 36

what is annual ryegrass toxicosis?

Answer 36

seed head infected by seed fall nematode and nematode is infected by seed gall bacteria which produces corynetoxin - brain damage

Question 37

which grass is relatively hardy and has no toxic factors?

Answer 37

smooth bromegrass

Question 38

what is TE fescue?

Answer 38

toxic "wild" endophyte fescue that causes animal disorders

Question 39

what is the purpose of the endophyte in fescue?

Answer 39

drought resistance and some parasite resistance

Question 40

what is EF fescue?

Answer 40

endophyte free fescue - no endophyte, no alkaloid, no resistance

Question 41

what is NE fescue?

Answer 41

strains of endophyte, no alkaloids, some resistance

Question 42

What do endophytes produce?

Answer 42

ergot alkaloids

Question 43

what is fescue foot?

Answer 43

loss of blood flow to extremities in cattle

Question 44

what problems do ergot alkaloids cause?

Answer 44

vasoconstriction, hypersensitivity, impaired heat stress recognition

Question 45

what is summer fescue toxicosis?

Answer 45

in moos - elevated body temp, rapid breathing, poor growth - standing in water and breathing heavy

Question 46

what do ergot fescues cause in mares?

Answer 46

prolonged gestation, weak foals, abortion, agalactia

Question 47

what does timothy grass often grow with?

Answer 47

grows along with another grass like orchardgrass

Question 48

which hay grass is good for horses?

Answer 48

timothy

Question 49

which grass is not as drought resistant or animal hoof resistant as tall fescue?

Answer 49

orchardgrass

Question 50

what is significant about little bluestem?

Answer 50

has feather seed spikes that can get embedded in horses mouths

Question 51

what are legumes able to do?

Answer 51

fix their own nitrogen using bacteria in their roots

Question 52

which nutrients are higher in legumes?

Answer 52

minerals - especially calcium

Question 53

as plants mature, what happens to CP, ADF, and NDF?

Answer 53

CP decreases, ADF and NDF increase

Question 54

what are problems with alfalfa in moos?

Answer 54

frothy bloat if grazed due to slime-producing rumen bacteria

Question 55

what are some problems with alfalfa in horses?

Answer 55

blister beetle toxicity - cantharidin - GI irritant and death

Question 56

what are the problems associated with sweet clover?

Answer 56

high in coumarin, converted by molds to dicoumarol - anti vitamin K and interferes with blood clotting

Question 57

which species are more affected by sweet clover disease?

Answer 57

cattle

Question 58

what are problems associated with red clover?

Answer 58

red clover slobbers in horses - slaframine on leaves

Question 59

which forage may cause prolonged gestation and/or agalactia in mares?

Answer 59

TE fescue

Question 60

what is alsike clover poisoning

Answer 60

acute poisoning - short term exposure - causes photosensitization in horses chronic poisoning - long term exposure - liver failure and neuro impairment in horses

Question 61

what are problems associated with white clover?

Answer 61

bloat, contains cyanogenic glycosides that can produce HCN that makes thiocyanate and cause thyroid issues

Question 62

what are forbs?

Answer 62

term for low growing broadleaf plant that grows with grasses - important for goats