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dairy calf nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

why is thermoregulation difficult for a newborn calf?

A

due to lack of muscle tone

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2
Q

what does thermoregulation lead to in a newborn calf?

A

hypoglycemia/starvation

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3
Q

how can disease be controlled in newborn calves?

A

adequate colostrum, clean environment, protect against heat loss, clean hands

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4
Q

what are the steps for immediate care of newborn moo?

A

dry the calf, dip navel in 7% iodine, separate moo from mom (dairy), hand feed high quality colostrum

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5
Q

when should colostrum be given to baby moos?

A

within 4 hours following birth

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6
Q

when does absorption ability decrease for colostrum?

A

immediately after birth

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7
Q

what percentage does colostrum absorption decrease after by 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours?

A

6 hours: decrease by 30%
8 hours: decrease by 50%
24 hours: blocked

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8
Q

how long is milk or milk replacer offered to moos?

A

until 6 weeks of age

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9
Q

what solid foods should calves be weaned onto?

A

high quality hay, calf starter

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10
Q

what is colostrum?

A

first milk produced by cow

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11
Q

which milking is the highest quality colostrum?

A

first milking - becomes transitional after that and quality decreases

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12
Q

what is the largest antibody component of cow milk?

A

IgG

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13
Q

what is the Ig that is locally produced in mammary gland as well as derived from blood?

A

IgA

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14
Q

what is the adequate IgG level in colostrum?

A

at least 50 mg/mL or more of IgG for high quality colostrum

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15
Q

what are antimicrobial factors in colostrum?

A

lactoferrin

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16
Q

how do you determine Ig levels in colostrum?

A

colostrometer - measures specific gravity of colostrum

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17
Q

what does total plasma protein rises above after adequate colostrum meal?

A

5.5g/dL of total plasma protein

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18
Q

what are three strategies to feed colostrum to cows?

A

feed full amount within first 4 hours, feed 1/2 to 2/3 amount within first two hours and remainder by 12 hours, or feed full amount by esophageal tube ASAP

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19
Q

what should beef calves be allowed to do to get colostrum?

A

nurse

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20
Q

how does gut absorption of colostrum decrease?

A

linearly

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21
Q

how much colostrum to feed to a 50-100 pound moo?

A

3 quarts

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22
Q

how much colostrum to feed to <50 lb moo

A

2 quarts

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23
Q

how much colostrum to feed to >100 lbs moo?

A

4 quarts

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24
Q

what are critical level serum IgG?

A

> 8 g/L (0.8 g/dL IgG)

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25
what percent of dairy calves fail to attain adequate colostral antibody levels?
40%
26
when does gut permeability to absorption of IgG begin to decrease following birth?
immediately
27
what are risk factors for colostrum failure?
cow leaking colostrum, premature birth, born to heifer
28
what are risk factors for death of newborn moo?
rearing in groups of 7+
29
what does adequate production of colostrum depend on?
depends on adequate nutrition of cow
30
who produces less volume with lower igG concentration?
heifers
31
does high milk volume equal high quality colostrum?
no
32
what type of colostrum do high producing cows tend to produce?
dilute colostrum
33
what is the required colostral IgG concentration?
>60 g/L
34
what is frozen colostrum?
use from a cow in the same herd, must be from BLV negative and Johne's negative
35
What do commercial products replace?
colostrum
36
what are calf housing?
calf hutches, older calves in group pens, coverall calf barn
37
calf should be fed what percent of body weight in cow's milk?
10% of BW daily
38
what does the esophageal groove connect?
connects cardia region to omasum
39
what is the esophageal groove?
fold of reticulum forms a groove between esophagus and reticulo-omasal orifice
40
what does the esophageal groove allow milk to do?
allows milk to bypass rumen for digestion in abomasum
41
what is the role of rennin?
milk clots in abomasum (casein and fat), rennin binds casein in milk and clot digested over 12-18 hours
42
what is the role of whey?
whey has water, minerals, lactose, protein, and goes to SI for digestion
43
when does the rumen develop in moos?
when they eat grain and hay
44
how should mixing powder be determined?
by weight not by volume
45
what is milk replacer?
dairy based (ideally), soy protein based for older calves
46
what is a conventional milk feeding system?
limits expensive milk replacer, encourages early starter grain intake
47
when should calves be weaned on a conventional feeding system?
wean calves when eating at least 2 lbs starter
48
what is an accelerated feeding system?
milk feeding rate twice that of conventional system
49
what is the starter intake?
starter intake lags behind the conventional system initially but catches up later
50
what is important to consider for calf feeding hygiene?
don't touch anything with bare hands
51
what should be done to waste milk before feeding?
pasteurize
52
when should water be available?
ad libitum, esp to sick calf
53
what is concentrate/grain?
high quality palatable calf starter
54
when should concentrate/grain be introduced to calves?
introduce at 7 days old
55
describe hay feeding for calves
alfalfa is best, introduce after concentrate, wait until after weaning
56
what are concerns of scours?
loss of water, electrolytes, inflammation in intestines, decreased absorption
57
describe starvation
lack of fat at necropsy, failure to follow feeding instructions, poor quality milk replacers
58
when should calves be weaned (after eating how many lbs of starter)
must be eating at least 2-2.5 lbs of starter for 3 days in a row
59
at what age are calves usually weaned?
4-10 weeks
60
what should be done after weaning?
feed free choice hay and calf starter, group house by age

Nutrition (16 decks)

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