Fat-Soluble Charts

Question 1

beta-carotene

Answer 1

vitamin A precursor made by plants and stored in human fat

orange pigment

breaks into two molecules of vitamin A

Question 2

Vitamin A function, deficiency, sources

Answer 2

function: maintains cornea, light detection in retina, protein synthesis & cell differentiation, antioxidant
deficiency: hypovitaminosis A; impaired cell differentiation and maturation, epithelial cells flatten and ketatinize, progressive blindness (xeropthalmia), infections, dry salivary glands, less mucous in GI tract
sources: milk, cheese, fortified cereals, fruits, veggies

Question 3

Vitamin A toxicity

Answer 3

RBC breakage, nosebleeds, headache, impaired growth, digestive system disturbance, absence of menstruation, dry skin, hair loss

Question 4

vitamin A and cornea/retina

Answer 4

maintains cornea: hard transparent membrane covering outside of the eye

retina: layer of lightsensitive nerve cells in back of the eye; rods and cones

Question 5

night blindness

Answer 5

slow recovery of vision after exposure to flashes of light at night; early symptom of vitamin A deficiency

Question 6

xerosis

Answer 6

drying of the cornea; early symptom of xeropthalmia

Question 7

keratomalacia

Answer 7

total blindness; last and most severe stage of xeropthalmia

Question 8

follicular hyperkeratosis

Answer 8

accumulation of hard keratin around hair follicles

Question 9

carotenemia

Answer 9

yellowing of skin caused by excess carotene in the blood

mucous membranes lining eyelids do not turn yellow like in jaundice

teratogenic

Question 10

vitamin D facts

Answer 10

more like a hormone

not essential if you get enough sun (20 min on face/forearms)

precursor made from cholesterol in liver (UV rays convert to 2nd precursor)

kidney/liver disease = deficiency

Question 11

vitamin D function, deficiency, sources

Answer 11

function: mineralization of bones
deficiency: rickets/osteromalacia; decreased blood calcium/phosphorus, abnormal growth, soft bones, misshapen bones, muscle spasm
sources: sunlight, fortified milk, butter, eggs, cereal, sardines

Question 12

vitamin D toxicity

Answer 12

raised blood calcium/phosphorus, kidney stones, thirst, headache, irritability

Question 13

rickets

Answer 13

vitamin D deficiency disease in children

Question 14

osteomalacia

Answer 14

bone disease characterized by soft bones

bending of the spine and bowing of the legs

adults

Question 15

osteoporosis

Answer 15

porous bones, reduced density of bone, adult bone loss

Question 16

vitamin E function, deficiency, sources

Answer 16

function: antioxidant, stabilize cell membranes
deficiency: muscular dystrophy, RBC hemolysis, fibrocystic breast disease, intermittent claudication
sources: PUFA, leafy greens, wheat germ, nuts, seeds

Question 17

muscular dystrophy

Answer 17

hereditary: muscles gradually weaken, worst effect on lungs

vitamin E deficiency: gradual paralysis of muscles

Question 18

erythrocyte hemolysis

Answer 18

bursting of RBC due to lack of vitamin E

Question 19

fibrocystic breast disease

Answer 19

harmless condition where lumps form in the breasts

caffeine abstinence helps or increased vitamin E

Question 20

intermittent claudication

Answer 20

severe calf pain caused by inadequate blood supply

occurs when walking, stops when resting

Question 21

vitamin K facts

Answer 21

we synthesize 50%

essential for activating 7 blood clotting proteins (prothrombin)

Question 22

vitamin K function, deficiency, sources

Answer 22

function: synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and a protein that binds calcium in bones
deficiency: hemorrhagic disease
sources: leafy greens, milk, cabbage, synthesize in gut

Question 23

vitamin K toxicity

Answer 23

interferes with anti-clotting medications

jaundice, RBC hemolysis, brain damage

Question 24

when does vitamin K deficiency occur?

Answer 24

fat malabsorption or no bile

after antibiotics kill gut bacteria

Question 25

ACE

Answer 25

vitamins that are antioxidants