Calcium, Phosphorus, Trace Elements Flashcards
major minerals
calcium
phosphorus
trace minerals
iron
fluoride
iodine
mineral functions
cofactor
body components
nerve impulses
muscle contraction
body growth
water balance
bioavailability
depends on how mineral is absorbed
mineral-mineral interaction
ionic charges compete for absorption
mineral-vitamin interaction
aids absorption
calcium location
99% teeth and bones
1% blood
calcium functions
circulates and helps regulate muscle contraction and nerve impulses
helps with blood clotting and hormone secretion
enzymes, neurotransmitters, cofactor for enzymes
calcium balance
regulators are hormones from thyroid and parathyroid
vitamin D
parathormone
raises blood calcium
calcitonin/thyrocalcitonin
lower blood calcium by inhibiting release from bone
vitamin D calcium function
raises blood calcium
if high blood calcium…
vit D and hormones promote deposit into bones
if low blood calcium…
intestines absorb
bones release
kidneys excrete less calcium
if low vit D or abnormal hormones
calcium rigor
calcium tetany
calcium rigor
hardness or stiffness of muscles caused by high blood calcium
calcium tetany
intermittent spasms of extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability
caused by low blood calcium
phosphorus facts
2nd most prevalent mineral in body
mostly in bones & teeth
in all body cells
part of DNA/RNA
needed for cell growth
phospholipid bilayer
phosphorus sources
animal protein
soda
excess phosphorus causes
calcium excretion
iron facts
in every cell
most found in hemoglobin and myoglobin
only 10-15% absorbed
hemoglobin
oxygen carrying protein of RBC
myoglobin
oxygen carrying protein of muscle cells
where is iron absorbed, stored, transported
absorbed in intestine
stored as ferritin, hemosiderin
transported as transferrin
iron deficiency
anemia, highest deficiency in world
anemia test
measures hemoglobin concentration of blood
iron-deficiency anemia disease / hypochromic anemia
small, pale red blood cells
RBC called microcytic
pica
craving for nonfood substances
geophagia means eating clay
heme vs. nonheme
heme comes from animal sources
non heme is plant sources
iron overload
toxicity from excess iron
hemochromatosis
hemosiderosis
hemochromatosis
deposits of iron containing pigment in tissues; tissue damage
hereditary defect in iron metabolism
hemosiderosis
deposition of iron storage protein hemosiderin in the liver and other tissues
what inhibits iron absorption
calcium
tannins: compounds in tea/coffee that bind iron
phytates: nonnutrient component of grains, legumes, and seeds
phytates
can bind minerals like iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in insoluble complexes in the intestine
body then excretes them unused
goiter
enalrgement of thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or overconsumption of thyroid antagonist
if caused by iodine then considered a simple goiter
cretinism
iodine deficiency characterized by mental and physical retardation
