Calcium, Phosphorus, Trace Elements

Question 1

major minerals

Answer 1

calcium

phosphorus

Question 2

trace minerals

Answer 2

iron

fluoride

iodine

Question 3

mineral functions

Answer 3

cofactor

body components

nerve impulses

muscle contraction

body growth

water balance

Question 4

bioavailability

Answer 4

depends on how mineral is absorbed

Question 5

mineral-mineral interaction

Answer 5

ionic charges compete for absorption

Question 6

mineral-vitamin interaction

Answer 6

aids absorption

Question 7

calcium location

Answer 7

99% teeth and bones

1% blood

Question 8

calcium functions

Answer 8

circulates and helps regulate muscle contraction and nerve impulses

helps with blood clotting and hormone secretion

enzymes, neurotransmitters, cofactor for enzymes

Question 9

calcium balance

Answer 9

regulators are hormones from thyroid and parathyroid

vitamin D

Question 10

parathormone

Answer 10

raises blood calcium

Question 11

calcitonin/thyrocalcitonin

Answer 11

lower blood calcium by inhibiting release from bone

Question 12

vitamin D calcium function

Answer 12

raises blood calcium

Question 13

if high blood calcium…

Answer 13

vit D and hormones promote deposit into bones

Question 14

if low blood calcium…

Answer 14

intestines absorb

bones release

kidneys excrete less calcium

Question 15

if low vit D or abnormal hormones

Answer 15

calcium rigor

calcium tetany

Question 16

calcium rigor

Answer 16

hardness or stiffness of muscles caused by high blood calcium

Question 17

calcium tetany

Answer 17

intermittent spasms of extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability

caused by low blood calcium

Question 18

phosphorus facts

Answer 18

2nd most prevalent mineral in body

mostly in bones & teeth

in all body cells

part of DNA/RNA

needed for cell growth

phospholipid bilayer

Question 19

phosphorus sources

Answer 19

animal protein

soda

Question 20

excess phosphorus causes

Answer 20

calcium excretion

Question 21

iron facts

Answer 21

in every cell

most found in hemoglobin and myoglobin

only 10-15% absorbed

Question 22

hemoglobin

Answer 22

oxygen carrying protein of RBC

Question 23

myoglobin

Answer 23

oxygen carrying protein of muscle cells

Question 24

where is iron absorbed, stored, transported

Answer 24

absorbed in intestine

stored as ferritin, hemosiderin

transported as transferrin

Question 25

iron deficiency

Answer 25

anemia, highest deficiency in world

Question 26

anemia test

Answer 26

measures hemoglobin concentration of blood

Question 27

iron-deficiency anemia disease / hypochromic anemia

Answer 27

small, pale red blood cells

RBC called microcytic

Question 28

pica

Answer 28

craving for nonfood substances

geophagia means eating clay

Question 29

heme vs. nonheme

Answer 29

heme comes from animal sources

non heme is plant sources

Question 30

iron overload

Answer 30

toxicity from excess iron

hemochromatosis

hemosiderosis

Question 31

hemochromatosis

Answer 31

deposits of iron containing pigment in tissues; tissue damage

hereditary defect in iron metabolism

Question 32

hemosiderosis

Answer 32

deposition of iron storage protein hemosiderin in the liver and other tissues

Question 33

what inhibits iron absorption

Answer 33

calcium

tannins: compounds in tea/coffee that bind iron
phytates: nonnutrient component of grains, legumes, and seeds

Question 34

phytates

Answer 34

can bind minerals like iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in insoluble complexes in the intestine

body then excretes them unused

Question 35

goiter

Answer 35

enalrgement of thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or overconsumption of thyroid antagonist

if caused by iodine then considered a simple goiter

Question 36

cretinism

Answer 36

iodine deficiency characterized by mental and physical retardation