Carbohydrates, Fiber

Question 1

macronutrient energy breakdown

Answer 1

55-60% carbs

30% fat

10-15% protein

Question 2

main energy nutrients

Answer 2

carbs & fat

Question 3

preferred energy source

Answer 3

carbs

Question 4

are carbohydrate rich foods recommended?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

are carbs fattening?

Answer 5

no, excess calories are

Question 6

simple carbohydrate (sugars)

Answer 6

monosaccharides-single sugar unit

disaccharides-pair of bonded sugars

Question 7

complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Answer 7

starch

glycogen

most fibers

Question 8

lignin

Answer 8

exception among fibers

polyphenol but not a polysaccharide

Question 9

glycogen

Answer 9

storage form of carbs in animals and humans (liver, muscle tissue)

a polysaccharide composed of glucose

not a significant food source or considered a complex carb

Question 10

starch

Answer 10

storage form of carbs in plants

a plant polysaccharide composed of glucose and digestible by humans

Question 11

monosaccharides

Answer 11

glucose

fructose

galactose (found only as a part of lactose)

Question 12

disaccharides

Answer 12

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

lactose (glucose + galactose)

maltose (glucose + glucose)

Question 13

glucose

Answer 13

a monosaccharide

sugar common to all disaccharides and polysaccharides

aka. blood sugar or dextrose

Question 14

fructose

Answer 14

a monosaccharide

aka. fruit sugar (fruits, honey, saps)

Question 15

galactose

Answer 15

a monosaccharide

part of disaccharide lactose

provides 30-50% of milk’s calories

Question 16

homeostasis

Answer 16

maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body’s control system

maintains chemistry, temp, bp

homeo = the same —— stasis = staying

Question 17

insulin

Answer 17

hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose

promotes cellular glucose uptake for use or storage

Question 18

glucagon

Answer 18

hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration

starts release of glucose from storage

Question 19

sucrose

Answer 19

a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose

aka. table sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar

Question 20

lactose

Answer 20

a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose

aka. milk sugar

Question 21

maltose

Answer 21

a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules

found when carbs break down

aka. malt sugar

Question 22

allergy vs. intolerance

Answer 22

allergy: immune response to proteins
intolerance: adverse reaction to carbohydrate

Question 23

fiber

Answer 23

term denoting in plant foods the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, and mucilages + nonpolysaccharide lignin

not attacked by human digestive enzymes

2 types

Question 24

insoluble fiber

Answer 24

tough fibrous structures of fruits, vegetables, and grains

indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water

Question 25

soluble fiber

Answer 25

indigestible food components that are dissolvable in water impart gummy or gel-like characteristics to food (ex. pectin from fruit used to thicken jellies)

Question 26

RDA of fiber

Answer 26

25g/day avg. American diet has 11g/day

Question 27

benefits of finer

Answer 27

protective vs. heart disease

Question 28

what is removed during processing grains?

Answer 28

germ bran

Question 29

glycemic effect

Answer 29

measure of how much a food raises blood glucose concentration and starts an insulin response compared to pure glucose

Question 30

ketones

Answer 30

acidic, fat-related compounds formed from incomplete breakdown of fat when carb is not available ketone bodies

Question 31

protein-sparing effect

Answer 31

effect of carbs in providing energy that allows protein to be used for other purposes

Question 32

soluble fiber food sources

Answer 32

barley, fruit, legumes, oats, rye, seeds, veggies

Question 33

insoluble fiber food sources

Answer 33

brown rice, fruit legumes, seeds, wheat bran, veggies, whole grains

Question 34

soluble fiber health effects

Answer 34

lower blood cholesterol, slow glucose absorption slow movement of food through digestive tract holds moisture in stool to soften

Question 35

insoluble fiber health effects

Answer 35

soften stool, regulate bowel movements speed transit of material through sm. intestine reduce colon cancer, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, appendicitis

Question 36

properties of soluble fiber

Answer 36

gums, mucilages, pectin, psyllium, some hemicellulose psyllium is easily dissolved in water and commercially available

Question 37

properties of insoluble fiber

Answer 37

cellulose, lignin, some hemicellulose