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Human Nutrition > Carbohydrates, Fiber > Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Fiber Flashcards

1
Q

macronutrient energy breakdown

A

55-60% carbs

30% fat

10-15% protein

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2
Q

main energy nutrients

A

carbs & fat

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3
Q

preferred energy source

A

carbs

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4
Q

are carbohydrate rich foods recommended?

A

yes

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5
Q

are carbs fattening?

A

no, excess calories are

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6
Q

simple carbohydrate (sugars)

A

monosaccharides-single sugar unit

disaccharides-pair of bonded sugars

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7
Q

complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

A

starch

glycogen

most fibers

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8
Q

lignin

A

exception among fibers

polyphenol but not a polysaccharide

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9
Q

glycogen

A

storage form of carbs in animals and humans (liver, muscle tissue)

a polysaccharide composed of glucose

not a significant food source or considered a complex carb

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10
Q

starch

A

storage form of carbs in plants

a plant polysaccharide composed of glucose and digestible by humans

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11
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose

fructose

galactose (found only as a part of lactose)

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12
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

lactose (glucose + galactose)

maltose (glucose + glucose)

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13
Q

glucose

A

a monosaccharide

sugar common to all disaccharides and polysaccharides

aka. blood sugar or dextrose

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14
Q

fructose

A

a monosaccharide

aka. fruit sugar (fruits, honey, saps)

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15
Q

galactose

A

a monosaccharide

part of disaccharide lactose

provides 30-50% of milk’s calories

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body’s control system

maintains chemistry, temp, bp

homeo = the same —— stasis = staying

17
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose

promotes cellular glucose uptake for use or storage

18
Q

glucagon

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration

starts release of glucose from storage

19
Q

sucrose

A

a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose

aka. table sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar

20
Q

lactose

A

a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose

aka. milk sugar

21
Q

maltose

A

a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules

found when carbs break down

aka. malt sugar

22
Q

allergy vs. intolerance

A

allergy: immune response to proteins
intolerance: adverse reaction to carbohydrate

23
Q

fiber

A

term denoting in plant foods the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, and mucilages + nonpolysaccharide lignin

not attacked by human digestive enzymes

2 types

24
Q

insoluble fiber

A

tough fibrous structures of fruits, vegetables, and grains

indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water

25
Q

soluble fiber

A

indigestible food components that are dissolvable in water

impart gummy or gel-like characteristics to food (ex. pectin from fruit used to thicken jellies)

26
Q

RDA of fiber

A

25g/day

avg. American diet has 11g/day

27
Q

benefits of finer

A

protective vs. heart disease

28
Q

what is removed during processing grains?

A

germ

bran

29
Q

glycemic effect

A

measure of how much a food raises blood glucose concentration and starts an insulin response

compared to pure glucose

30
Q

ketones

A

acidic, fat-related compounds formed from incomplete breakdown of fat when carb is not available

ketone bodies

31
Q

protein-sparing effect

A

effect of carbs in providing energy that allows protein to be used for other purposes

32
Q

soluble fiber food sources

A

barley, fruit, legumes, oats, rye, seeds, veggies

33
Q

insoluble fiber food sources

A

brown rice, fruit legumes, seeds, wheat bran, veggies, whole grains

34
Q

soluble fiber health effects

A

lower blood cholesterol, slow glucose absorption

slow movement of food through digestive tract

holds moisture in stool to soften

35
Q

insoluble fiber health effects

A

soften stool, regulate bowel movements

speed transit of material through sm. intestine

reduce colon cancer, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, appendicitis

36
Q

properties of soluble fiber

A

gums, mucilages, pectin, psyllium, some hemicellulose

psyllium is easily dissolved in water and commercially available

37
Q

properties of insoluble fiber

A

cellulose, lignin, some hemicellulose

Human Nutrition (18 decks)

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