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USLME > FARR Key Associations > Flashcards

FARR Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (t ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in

sloughing ofgastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal

colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pnewnoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gplb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adult)

A

Supratentorial : metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., l in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac lo tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4: l left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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26
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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27
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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28
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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29
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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30
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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31
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from corticosteroid therapy)
  • Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (clue to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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32
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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33
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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34
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, maJor surgery

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35
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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36
Q

Glomeru lonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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37
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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38
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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39
Q

Hematoma-subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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40
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

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41
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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42
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psonasis

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43
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

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44
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

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45
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

46
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

47
Q

Infection 2° to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

48
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

49
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • Calcium = radiopaque
  • Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
  • Uric acid = radiolucent
50
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

51
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

52
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

53
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

54
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

55
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

56
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

57
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

58
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

59
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

60
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

61
Q

Mixed (UM and LMN) motor neuron disease

62
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

63
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

64
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

65
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

66
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

67
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pnewnocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

68
Q

Osteomyelitis

69
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

70
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

71
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

72
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

73
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

74
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

75
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

76
Q

Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult - 65, CML: adult

30-60

77
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

78
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

79
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

80
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

81
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

82
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

83
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

84
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a.1 antitrypsin deficiency)

85
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

86
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis ofsmall/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

87
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Linclau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

88
Q

Right heart failure clue to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

89
Q

S3 (protocliastolic gallop)

A

increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

90
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive

cardiomyopathy)

91
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

92
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfectecl with gonorrhea)

93
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

94
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

95
Q

Sites ofatherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery.

96
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

97
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma ofduodenum or

pancreas)

98
Q

t(l4;l8)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

99
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’slymphoma(c-myc activation)

100
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

101
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk ofipsilateral blindness clue to thrombosis ofophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

102
Q

Testicular tumor

103
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

104
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

105
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

106
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

107
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

108
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. m ixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

109
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

110
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

111
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

USLME (41 decks)

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