Families Topic 7 - Demography

Question 1

What does the term ‘birth rate’ refer to?

Answer 1

The number of live births per one thousand of the population per year.

Question 2

What was the birth rate in the UK in 1900?

Answer 2

28.7

Question 3

What was the birth rate in the UK by 2014?

Answer 3

12.2

Question 4

What are the total fertility rate (TFR) figures for the UK in 1964, 2020, and 2021?

Answer 4

• 1964: 2.93 children per woman
• 2020: 1.58 children per woman
• 2021: 1.61 children per woman

Question 5

What trend is observed regarding women and childlessness?

Answer 5

More women are remaining childless than in the past.

Question 6

At what average age are women having children as of 2021?

Answer 6

31

Question 7

What are some reasons for the decline in the birth rate?

Answer 7

• Social factors
• Economic factors
• Cultural factors
• Legal factors
• Political factors
• Technological factors

Question 8

What major changes in the position of women occurred during the 20th century?

Answer 8

• Legal equality with men
• Increased educational opportunities
• More women in paid employment
• Changes in attitudes to family life
• Easier access to divorce
• Access to abortion and contraception

Question 9

According to Harper (2012), what is the most significant factor triggering a change in mindset for women?

Answer 9

The education of women.

Question 10

What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) measure?

Answer 10

The number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year.

Question 11

What was the IMR in 1900?

Answer 11

150 (15% of babies died within a year)

Question 12

What was the IMR in 2021?

Answer 12

4

Question 13

What are some reasons for the decline in the infant mortality rate in the first half of the 20th century?

Answer 13

• Improved housing and sanitation
• Better nutrition
• Better knowledge of hygiene and child health
• Improved services for mothers and children

Question 14

How did the death rate change from 1900 to 2011?

Answer 14

1900: 19, 2011: 8.7

Question 15

What social factors caused the decline of the death rate from infectious diseases?

Answer 15

• Improved nutrition
• Medical improvements
• Public health measures
• Lifestyle changes

Question 16

What is life expectancy?

Answer 16

The average number of years a person can be expected to live.

Question 17

What was the life expectancy for males born in 1900?

Answer 17

50 years

Question 18

What is the projected life expectancy for males born in 2020?

Answer 18

79 years

Question 19

What is one consequence of increased life expectancy and declining fertility?

Answer 19

An ageing population.

Question 20

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 20

The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the non-working/dependent part of the population.

Question 21

What was the dependency ratio in 2015?

Answer 21

3.2 working people : 1 pensioner

Question 22

What is ageism?

Answer 22

The negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age.

Question 23

According to Phillipson (1982), what causes ageism?

Answer 23

Structure dependency due to exclusion from paid work.

Question 24

What do postmodern sociologists argue about age and lifestyle?

Answer 24

Individuals have greater choice of lifestyle regardless of age.

Question 25

What is a significant social change related to the reduction of the death rate?

Answer 25

The decline of dangerous manual occupations.

Question 26

What has caused the rise in the dependency ratio as the population ages?

Answer 26

The increase in the number of retired people.

Question 27

Fill in the blank: The average age of the population in the UK was ______ in 1971.

Answer 27

34.1 years

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The average age of the population in the UK is estimated to be ______ by 2037.

Answer 28

42.8 years

Question 29

True or False: Fewer young people than old people is a trend observed in the UK population.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is a stigmatised life stage?

Answer 30

A life stage that is negatively perceived or discriminated against due to societal biases.

Question 31

What inequalities does Pilcher (1995) highlight regarding class and gender?

Answer 31

Middle classes have better occupational positions and therefore better pensions; women’s lower earnings and career breaks lead to lower pensions.

Question 32

What did Age Concern (2004) find about age discrimination?

Answer 32

29% of people reported suffering age discrimination.

Question 33

Define migration.

Answer 33

The movement of people from place to place, which can be internal or international.

Question 34

What is immigration?

Answer 34

The movement into a society.

Question 35

What is emigration?

Answer 35

The movement out of a society.

Question 36

What is net migration?

Answer 36

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants, expressed as a net increase or decrease.

Question 37

What was the largest immigration group to the UK before WWII?

Answer 37

Irish immigrants for mainly economic reasons.

Question 38

What groups of immigrants arrived in the UK during the 1960s and 1970s?

Answer 38

South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka; East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda.

Question 39

What was the impact of immigration on UK society?

Answer 39

A more ethnically diverse society, with ethnic minority groups accounting for 18% of the population as of 2021.

Question 40

What are push factors in emigration?

Answer 40

Economic recession and unemployment at home.

Question 41

What are pull factors in emigration?

Answer 41

Higher wages or better opportunities abroad.

Question 42

What is the current trend in net migration in the UK?

Answer 42

Net migration is increasing, with 2020 figures showing 606,000.

Question 43

What percentage of births in 2021 were to non-UK born mothers?

Answer 43

29%.

Question 44

How does immigration affect the average age of the population?

Answer 44

Immigration lowers the average age directly and indirectly.

Question 45

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 45

A measure of the number of dependents compared to the working-age population.

Question 46

What is globalisation?

Answer 46

The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing, leading to increased interconnectedness.

Question 47

What are some processes contributing to globalisation?

Answer 47

* Growth of communication systems * Global media * Creation of global markets * Fall of communism in Eastern Europe * Expansion of the European Union

Question 48

What is the trend of acceleration in global migration?

Answer 48

The rate of migration has increased, with a reported 33% rise between 2000 and 2020.

Question 49

What is differentiation in the context of global migration?

Answer 49

The emergence of various types of migrants, including permanent settlers, temporary workers, and forced migrants.

Question 50

What are the three types of migrants according to Cohen (2006)?

Answer 50

* Citizens * Denizens * Helots

Question 51

What is the feminisation of migration?

Answer 51

The trend where almost half of all global migrants are female, often fitting into traditional roles.

Question 52

What role do migrant women often take in western countries?

Answer 52

Care, domestic, and sex work.

Question 53

What is a hybrid identity in the context of migration?

Answer 53

An identity formed from two or more cultural sources.

Question 54

What are transnational identities?

Answer 54

Identities developed by migrants that reflect multiple cultural connections rather than a single national identity.

Question 55

What is assimilation in immigration policy?

Answer 55

Encouraging immigrants to adopt the language, values, and customs of the host culture.

Question 56

What is multiculturalism in immigration policy?

Answer 56

Acceptance of migrants wishing to retain a separate cultural identity.

Question 57

What is shallow diversity?

Answer 57

Superficial aspects of cultural diversity accepted by the state.

Question 58

What is deep diversity?

Answer 58

Cultural practices that are not accepted by the state, such as arranged marriages.

Question 59

How has immigration policy shifted since 9/11?

Answer 59

There has been a movement back towards assimilationist policies.

Question 60

What is the effect of assimilationist policies according to Castles (2000)?

Answer 60

They can mark minority groups as culturally backward, leading to further marginalization.

Question 61

What do Castles and Kosack (1973) argue about racism and the working class?

Answer 61

Assimilationist ideas can lead to a racially divided working class and prevent united action.