Families Topic 7 - Demography Flashcards
What does the term ‘birth rate’ refer to?
The number of live births per one thousand of the population per year.
What was the birth rate in the UK in 1900?
28.7
What was the birth rate in the UK by 2014?
12.2
What are the total fertility rate (TFR) figures for the UK in 1964, 2020, and 2021?
- 1964: 2.93 children per woman
- 2020: 1.58 children per woman
- 2021: 1.61 children per woman
What trend is observed regarding women and childlessness?
More women are remaining childless than in the past.
At what average age are women having children as of 2021?
31
What are some reasons for the decline in the birth rate?
- Social factors
- Economic factors
- Cultural factors
- Legal factors
- Political factors
- Technological factors
What major changes in the position of women occurred during the 20th century?
- Legal equality with men
- Increased educational opportunities
- More women in paid employment
- Changes in attitudes to family life
- Easier access to divorce
- Access to abortion and contraception
According to Harper (2012), what is the most significant factor triggering a change in mindset for women?
The education of women.
What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) measure?
The number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year.
What was the IMR in 1900?
150 (15% of babies died within a year)
What was the IMR in 2021?
4
What are some reasons for the decline in the infant mortality rate in the first half of the 20th century?
- Improved housing and sanitation
- Better nutrition
- Better knowledge of hygiene and child health
- Improved services for mothers and children
How did the death rate change from 1900 to 2011?
1900: 19, 2011: 8.7
What social factors caused the decline of the death rate from infectious diseases?
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- Public health measures
- Lifestyle changes
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a person can be expected to live.
What was the life expectancy for males born in 1900?
50 years
What is the projected life expectancy for males born in 2020?
79 years
What is one consequence of increased life expectancy and declining fertility?
An ageing population.
What is the dependency ratio?
The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the non-working/dependent part of the population.
What was the dependency ratio in 2015?
3.2 working people : 1 pensioner
What is ageism?
The negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age.
According to Phillipson (1982), what causes ageism?
Structure dependency due to exclusion from paid work.
What do postmodern sociologists argue about age and lifestyle?
Individuals have greater choice of lifestyle regardless of age.
What is a significant social change related to the reduction of the death rate?
The decline of dangerous manual occupations.
What has caused the rise in the dependency ratio as the population ages?
The increase in the number of retired people.
Fill in the blank: The average age of the population in the UK was ______ in 1971.
34.1 years
Fill in the blank: The average age of the population in the UK is estimated to be ______ by 2037.
42.8 years
True or False: Fewer young people than old people is a trend observed in the UK population.
True
What is a stigmatised life stage?
A life stage that is negatively perceived or discriminated against due to societal biases.
What inequalities does Pilcher (1995) highlight regarding class and gender?
Middle classes have better occupational positions and therefore better pensions; women’s lower earnings and career breaks lead to lower pensions.
What did Age Concern (2004) find about age discrimination?
29% of people reported suffering age discrimination.
Define migration.
The movement of people from place to place, which can be internal or international.
What is immigration?
The movement into a society.
What is emigration?
The movement out of a society.
What is net migration?
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants, expressed as a net increase or decrease.
What was the largest immigration group to the UK before WWII?
Irish immigrants for mainly economic reasons.
What groups of immigrants arrived in the UK during the 1960s and 1970s?
South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka; East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda.
What was the impact of immigration on UK society?
A more ethnically diverse society, with ethnic minority groups accounting for 18% of the population as of 2021.
What are push factors in emigration?
Economic recession and unemployment at home.
What are pull factors in emigration?
Higher wages or better opportunities abroad.
What is the current trend in net migration in the UK?
Net migration is increasing, with 2020 figures showing 606,000.
What percentage of births in 2021 were to non-UK born mothers?
29%.
How does immigration affect the average age of the population?
Immigration lowers the average age directly and indirectly.
What is the dependency ratio?
A measure of the number of dependents compared to the working-age population.
What is globalisation?
The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing, leading to increased interconnectedness.
What are some processes contributing to globalisation?
- Growth of communication systems
- Global media
- Creation of global markets
- Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
- Expansion of the European Union
What is the trend of acceleration in global migration?
The rate of migration has increased, with a reported 33% rise between 2000 and 2020.
What is differentiation in the context of global migration?
The emergence of various types of migrants, including permanent settlers, temporary workers, and forced migrants.
What are the three types of migrants according to Cohen (2006)?
- Citizens
- Denizens
- Helots
What is the feminisation of migration?
The trend where almost half of all global migrants are female, often fitting into traditional roles.
What role do migrant women often take in western countries?
Care, domestic, and sex work.
What is a hybrid identity in the context of migration?
An identity formed from two or more cultural sources.
What are transnational identities?
Identities developed by migrants that reflect multiple cultural connections rather than a single national identity.
What is assimilation in immigration policy?
Encouraging immigrants to adopt the language, values, and customs of the host culture.
What is multiculturalism in immigration policy?
Acceptance of migrants wishing to retain a separate cultural identity.
What is shallow diversity?
Superficial aspects of cultural diversity accepted by the state.
What is deep diversity?
Cultural practices that are not accepted by the state, such as arranged marriages.
How has immigration policy shifted since 9/11?
There has been a movement back towards assimilationist policies.
What is the effect of assimilationist policies according to Castles (2000)?
They can mark minority groups as culturally backward, leading to further marginalization.
What do Castles and Kosack (1973) argue about racism and the working class?
Assimilationist ideas can lead to a racially divided working class and prevent united action.
