Education Topic 3 - Ethnicity

Question 1

What are the three main external factors that contribute to ethnic differences in educational achievement?

Answer 1

Cultural Deprivation, Material Deprivation, Racism in Wider Society

Question 2

Define Cultural Deprivation in the context of educational achievement.

Answer 2

Cultural Deprivation refers to inadequate socialisation at home leading to underachievement of some ethnic groups.

Question 3

What are the three main aspects of Cultural Deprivation Theory?

Answer 3

• Intellectual and linguistic skills
• Attitudes and values
• Family structure and parental support

Question 4

According to Bereiter and Englemann, what is a major issue among low-income black families regarding education?

Answer 4

The language spoken is inadequate for educational success.

Question 5

True or False: Gillborn and Mirza found that Indian pupils do poorly in education despite often not having English as their first language.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

What do CD theorists argue about the socialisation of black children?

Answer 6

They are socialised into a subculture that undervalues education.

Question 7

Who proposed the idea that many black families are headed by a lone mother, affecting children’s socialisation?

Answer 7

Moynihan (1965)

Question 8

What is Sewell’s view on the absence of fathers in black families?

Answer 8

He believes it is a lack of fatherly nurturing or ‘tough love’ that impacts boys’ achievement.

Question 9

How do Asian and Chinese students differ in family support compared to black pupils, according to Sewell?

Answer 9

Asian and Chinese students benefit from supportive families and place a high emphasis on education.

Question 10

What did McCulloch (2014) find about aspirations of ethnic minority pupils compared to white British pupils?

Answer 10

Ethnic minority pupils were more likely to aspire to go to university.

Question 11

What does Material Deprivation refer to?

Answer 11

A lack of physical necessities due to inadequate housing and low income.

Question 12

What is the employment disparity for ethnic minorities compared to whites?

Answer 12

Ethnic minorities are x2 as likely to be unemployed compared to whites.

Question 13

What criticism does Keddie make regarding the portrayal of ethnic minorities in education?

Answer 13

Ethnic minorities are not culturally deprived but culturally different.

Question 14

What is the impact of racism in the wider society on ethnic minorities?

Answer 14

It leads to social exclusion and increased poverty.

Question 15

What do Gillborn and Mirza (2000) find about the achievement of black children from primary to GCSE?

Answer 15

They start as the highest achievers but end as the lowest.

Question 16

What do Gillborn and Youdell (2000) say about teacher discipline towards black pupils?

Answer 16

Teachers are quicker to discipline black pupils due to racialized expectations.

Question 17

What are the three pupil identities identified by Archer (2008)?

Answer 17

• Ideal pupil
• Pathologised pupil
• Demonised pupil

Question 18

What does Critical Race Theory state about racism in society?

Answer 18

Racism is an ingrained feature of society, not just individual actions.

Question 19

What is the effect of marketisation on ethnic minorities in education?

Answer 19

It allows negative stereotypes to influence school admissions.

Question 20

What does the ethnocentric curriculum refer to?

Answer 20

A curriculum that reflects the culture of the dominant ethnic group, often neglecting others.

Question 21

According to Coard, how can the ethnocentric curriculum affect black children?

Answer 21

It can produce underachievement and lead to low self-esteem.

Question 22

Fill in the blank: The theory that blames educational failure on the absence of a male role model is known as _______.

Answer 22

Cultural Deprivation Theory

Question 23

What did Fuller (1984) find about black girls’ responses to negative stereotypes?

Answer 23

They channeled their anger into achieving educational success.

Question 24

What are the four types of responses boys have towards schooling according to Sewell?

Answer 24

• Rebels
• Conformists
• Retreatists
• Innovators

Question 25

What does the ethnocentric curriculum ignore?

Answer 25

Asian culture ## Footnote It promotes an attitude of 'Little Englandism' and overlooks the contributions of black and Asian people.

Question 26

Who argued that the ethnocentric curriculum can lead to underachievement?

Answer 26

Coard (1971; 2005) ## Footnote He noted that it teaches how the British brought civilization to 'primitive people,' which can lower self-esteem among black children.

Question 27

What is a factor that shows the education system may be ethnocentric?

Answer 27

The organization based on the Christian calendar ## Footnote This is one example of how the system may not be inclusive of all cultures.

Question 28

What did Gillborn (2008) say about assessment in education?

Answer 28

It is fixed to maintain the dominant culture's superiority ## Footnote He stated that if black children succeed, assessments will be changed to re-engineer failure.

Question 29

What were baseline assessments replaced with in 2003?

Answer 29

Foundation Stage Profile (FSP) ## Footnote This change made black pupils appear to perform worse compared to previous assessments.

Question 30

What are two factors that contribute to the risk of stereotyping in assessments?

Answer 30

* FSP is based on teacher's judgements * Timing of assessments is at the end of reception ## Footnote These factors can influence the perceived ability of pupils.

Question 31

What was the 'Aiming High' initiative aimed at?

Answer 31

Raising black Caribbean achievement ## Footnote Despite this, black students were still more likely to be entered for lower tier GCSE exams.

Question 32

How much more likely are whites to be identified as gifted and talented compared to Black Caribbeans?

Answer 32

Over twice as likely ## Footnote They are also five times more likely than Black Africans.

Question 33

What does 'New IQism' refer to?

Answer 33

Teacher assumptions about pupil's ability or potential ## Footnote It suggests that potential is fixed and measured, impacting opportunities for higher sets.

Question 34

What does Gillborn argue regarding tests of 'potential'?

Answer 34

They only measure what someone has learned so far ## Footnote He believes they do not accurately reflect future capabilities.

Question 35

How do Gillborn's critics view institutional racism in relation to 'model minorities'?

Answer 35

They question its existence due to some ethnic groups over-achieving ## Footnote Gillborn argues that this ideology hides the reality of institutional racism.

Question 36

What argument does Gillborn make against the image of 'model minorities'?

Answer 36

It justifies the failure of other groups ## Footnote It suggests that those groups are unable or unwilling to make the effort.

Question 37

What did Sewell argue regarding the causes of underachievement?

Answer 37

Focus on external factors like boys' anti-school attitudes ## Footnote He rejects the idea that racism in schools is powerful enough to prevent individual success.