Education Topic 3 - Ethnicity Flashcards
What are the three main external factors that contribute to ethnic differences in educational achievement?
Cultural Deprivation, Material Deprivation, Racism in Wider Society
Define Cultural Deprivation in the context of educational achievement.
Cultural Deprivation refers to inadequate socialisation at home leading to underachievement of some ethnic groups.
What are the three main aspects of Cultural Deprivation Theory?
- Intellectual and linguistic skills
- Attitudes and values
- Family structure and parental support
According to Bereiter and Englemann, what is a major issue among low-income black families regarding education?
The language spoken is inadequate for educational success.
True or False: Gillborn and Mirza found that Indian pupils do poorly in education despite often not having English as their first language.
False
What do CD theorists argue about the socialisation of black children?
They are socialised into a subculture that undervalues education.
Who proposed the idea that many black families are headed by a lone mother, affecting children’s socialisation?
Moynihan (1965)
What is Sewell’s view on the absence of fathers in black families?
He believes it is a lack of fatherly nurturing or ‘tough love’ that impacts boys’ achievement.
How do Asian and Chinese students differ in family support compared to black pupils, according to Sewell?
Asian and Chinese students benefit from supportive families and place a high emphasis on education.
What did McCulloch (2014) find about aspirations of ethnic minority pupils compared to white British pupils?
Ethnic minority pupils were more likely to aspire to go to university.
What does Material Deprivation refer to?
A lack of physical necessities due to inadequate housing and low income.
What is the employment disparity for ethnic minorities compared to whites?
Ethnic minorities are x2 as likely to be unemployed compared to whites.
What criticism does Keddie make regarding the portrayal of ethnic minorities in education?
Ethnic minorities are not culturally deprived but culturally different.
What is the impact of racism in the wider society on ethnic minorities?
It leads to social exclusion and increased poverty.
What do Gillborn and Mirza (2000) find about the achievement of black children from primary to GCSE?
They start as the highest achievers but end as the lowest.
What do Gillborn and Youdell (2000) say about teacher discipline towards black pupils?
Teachers are quicker to discipline black pupils due to racialized expectations.
What are the three pupil identities identified by Archer (2008)?
- Ideal pupil
- Pathologised pupil
- Demonised pupil
What does Critical Race Theory state about racism in society?
Racism is an ingrained feature of society, not just individual actions.
What is the effect of marketisation on ethnic minorities in education?
It allows negative stereotypes to influence school admissions.
What does the ethnocentric curriculum refer to?
A curriculum that reflects the culture of the dominant ethnic group, often neglecting others.
According to Coard, how can the ethnocentric curriculum affect black children?
It can produce underachievement and lead to low self-esteem.
Fill in the blank: The theory that blames educational failure on the absence of a male role model is known as _______.
Cultural Deprivation Theory
What did Fuller (1984) find about black girls’ responses to negative stereotypes?
They channeled their anger into achieving educational success.
What are the four types of responses boys have towards schooling according to Sewell?
- Rebels
- Conformists
- Retreatists
- Innovators
What does the ethnocentric curriculum ignore?
Asian culture
It promotes an attitude of ‘Little Englandism’ and overlooks the contributions of black and Asian people.
Who argued that the ethnocentric curriculum can lead to underachievement?
Coard (1971; 2005)
He noted that it teaches how the British brought civilization to ‘primitive people,’ which can lower self-esteem among black children.
What is a factor that shows the education system may be ethnocentric?
The organization based on the Christian calendar
This is one example of how the system may not be inclusive of all cultures.
What did Gillborn (2008) say about assessment in education?
It is fixed to maintain the dominant culture’s superiority
He stated that if black children succeed, assessments will be changed to re-engineer failure.
What were baseline assessments replaced with in 2003?
Foundation Stage Profile (FSP)
This change made black pupils appear to perform worse compared to previous assessments.
What are two factors that contribute to the risk of stereotyping in assessments?
- FSP is based on teacher’s judgements
- Timing of assessments is at the end of reception
These factors can influence the perceived ability of pupils.
What was the ‘Aiming High’ initiative aimed at?
Raising black Caribbean achievement
Despite this, black students were still more likely to be entered for lower tier GCSE exams.
How much more likely are whites to be identified as gifted and talented compared to Black Caribbeans?
Over twice as likely
They are also five times more likely than Black Africans.
What does ‘New IQism’ refer to?
Teacher assumptions about pupil’s ability or potential
It suggests that potential is fixed and measured, impacting opportunities for higher sets.
What does Gillborn argue regarding tests of ‘potential’?
They only measure what someone has learned so far
He believes they do not accurately reflect future capabilities.
How do Gillborn’s critics view institutional racism in relation to ‘model minorities’?
They question its existence due to some ethnic groups over-achieving
Gillborn argues that this ideology hides the reality of institutional racism.
What argument does Gillborn make against the image of ‘model minorities’?
It justifies the failure of other groups
It suggests that those groups are unable or unwilling to make the effort.
What did Sewell argue regarding the causes of underachievement?
Focus on external factors like boys’ anti-school attitudes
He rejects the idea that racism in schools is powerful enough to prevent individual success.
