Fall Semester Exam Review Flashcards
study study study
Reasons for European exploration and colonization
god, glory, gold (through mercantilism,), and to find a water route to Asia for spice trade.
mercantilism
system in which a moter country gains wealth by having a colony; the resources of the colony are used by the mother country in order to produce more, meaning they can export more than import.
Founding of Jamestwon, Virginia
when
1607
Founding of Jamestwon, Virginia
where
On the James River by the Virgina Company
Founding of Jamestwon, Virginia
why
$$$
Founding of Jamestwon, Virginia
problems
disease
winter
food was scarce
no prep (farming/carpentry skills)
Founding of Jamestwon, Virginia
important crop
tabacco introudced by John Rolfe
Mayflower Compact
1620- pilgrims singed a legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good/ establish order in the colonies
This was one of the 1st attempts at self government in the colonies
House of Burgesses
1st representative government in the colonies in which white, landowning men in Virginia elected representatives to make laws and decisions for the colony
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1st wrriten constitution in the colonies
- limited government power
-allowed non puritans to vote
- contributed to the growth of representative government
List the New England Colonies
Rhode Isalnd, Conneticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire
New England Colonies
climate/soil
Longer cold winters with short growing seasons
rocky soil
New England Colonies
type of agriculutre and other industries
subsistence farming
trade, fishing, shipbuilding, timber, whaling
New England Colonies
role of slavery
3% of population
didn’t depend due to the type of agriculture
Middle Colonies list
New York
Delaware
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Middle Colonies climate/soil
moderate climate
good soil
Middle Colonies
type of agriculture and nickname for the region
economy based on farming and trade; grew mostly cash crops of grain
known as the Breadbasket colonies
Middle Colonies
role of slavery
minimal (7% of pop) due to the influence of Quakers
Southern Colonies list
Maryland, Georgia, Virginia, Carolina
Southern Colonies
climate/soil
mild climate with year round growing season
fertile soil
Southern Colonies
type of agriculture and major crops
plantations with crash crops (tobacco, rice, and indigo)
Southern Colonies
role of slavery
Plantation economy with roughly 40% population Africans
economy depended heavily on labor but there were not enough indentured servants
Massachusetts founders
Pilgrims and Purtians
Massachusetts
reason for founding
to escape religious persecution
Massachusetts
role of religion in lifesyle and politics
strict lifestyle, did not offer free religion
representative government run by Church members through Town Mettings and the General Court
Rhode Island founders
Anne Hutchinson and Roger williams
Rhode Island
reason for founding
they were banished from Massachusetts for disagreeing with the Puritan beliefs
Pennsylvania founder
William Penn
Pennsylvania reason for founding
religous freedom
offered equality
Pennsylvania
influence of religion on lifestyle and politics
Quakers believes in harmony and established a representative government with religious freedom.
They also opposed slavery and treated natives fairly
Maryland founder
Lord Baltimore
Maryland reason for founding
refuge for English Catholics
eventually the Toleration Act was passed allowing all Christain Religions in the colonies
Georgia founder
James Orglethorpe
Georgia
reasons for founding
-colony for debots to have a new start
-contain military outposts to shield British colonies from Spanish Florida
Magna Carta
1st document in 1215 to limited the King Power
this contributed to colonist ideas of rights and representative government
English Bill of Rights
Made Parliment more powerful than King. Laws based on Parliment not the King.
this contributed to colonist ideas of rights and representative government
Parliment
the government party of Great Britain tat allowed American colonisits to have a self government.
but the Parliment began imposing strict laws and taxes after the French and Indian war.
John Locke
Philosipher that believed that people are born with the right of life liberty and property
this inspired Thomas Jefferson
Enlightenment
Movement in 1700s that spread iddea that reason, logic, knowledge, science, and natural born rights could improve society
Great Awakening
Religious Movement in colones in 1730-1740s
new churches started during this time
John Peter Zenger- right that was established in the colonies as a result of his trial
freedom of press
JPZ won the trial for publish negative remarks about the New York Governer
Triangular trade
system of goods and slave trading between Americas, Britian, and Africa where one ship would make 3 stops to load/unload cargo
Albany Plan of Union
author
Benjamin Franklin
Albany Plan of Union
purpose
to unite the colonies to collect taxes, raise armies, and make treaties to help Britain win the French/Indian War
this was one of the 1st attempts to achieve a common goal between the colonies
Causes/effects of the French and Indian War
American colonies began moving into new land in ORV
This angered French and Native Americans who lived there.
Britain won but victory left them in debt, causing them to abandon salutary neglect in the colonies
Albany Plan of Union slogan
“Join or Die”
What is salutary neglect
Policy where England interfered little in colonial affairs. Parliament made laws but didn’t enforce them.
Treaty of Paris (what did British get)
all land east of Mississippi and Canada
Treaty of Paris (what did Spanish get)
all land west of Mississippi river and New Orleans
Treaty of Paris (What did French get)
loses all claims in North America
Why did the King issue the Proclamation of 1763?
due to war debt, British government couldn’t offered to protect colonists from Native attacks west of the App. Mountains
the King wanted to avoid fighitng
What did Proclamation of 1763 forbid
colonists from settling in British territory(new ORV) west of App. Mountains
British economy after French and Indian War and how it affected the colonies
economy in major war debt because the war was fought in and for the colonies.
Parliment abandoned salutary neglect (expected colonies to help pay debt) they then began to pass and enforce laws including taxes
Boston Massacre
Spring of 1770 (March 5)
1- soldier + colonist got into argument in front of Boston House Customs
- angry mob formed
3rd- British shot, 5 people died
4th- the event was used as propaganda to gain colonial support for the patriot cause
propaganda
a story giving one side of an argument as a form a persuasion
Crispus Attucks
first colonist to die in Boston Massacre
Sugar Act
1st tax on colonists by Parliament
taxed sugar and molasses imported into the colonies
Quartering Act
required colonists to provide Redocats stationed in te colonies with food and shelter
Stamp Act
taxes all paper products in colonies
had to pu a stamp indicating tax was paid
Sons of Liberty purpose of group
secret society formed to oppose British colonial policies
Sons of Liberty forms of protest
nonviolent- parades, rallies, burned paper, publish opposing tax papers
violent- tar and feather tax collecters
Samuel Adams
leader of Sons of Liberty
organized protests and formed the Comitees of Correspondence
Comitees of Correspondence
a way for the American colonists to communicate to share ideas and discuss plans for gaining independence from Britain.
John Adams role in Boston Massacre
lawyer who defended British soliders and won
Townshend Acts
placed tax on glass, leads, paints, papers, and tea imported to colonies.
Also included writs of assistance
Writs of assistance
allowed tax collecters to search for smuggled goods (unlimited search warrants) to enforce Townshend acts
Tea Act
gave the BEIC monoply on colonial tea and placed tax on tea
Boston Tea Party
in reponse to the Tea Act
the Sons of Liberty dressed as Natives and went 3 tea-filled ship and dumped 342 tea chests in the ocean.
Intolerable Acts
why were they passed
to punish Massachusetts because of the Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
what did they do
- Boston Harbor closed until ruined tea was paid
- Massachusetts charter was canceled. Legislature was dismissed + Committees of correspondence were banned
- Royal officials accused of crime were sent to Britain for trial
- Quartering Act was stronger
laws intended to break the colonies but instead united them. This led to the 1st Continental Congress
“No taxation without representation”- what colonist meant when they repeated this slogan
colonists had no representation in Parliament and felt it was unfair they had to pay taxes in a govt. in which they had no say
King George III
King of England
1st Continental Congress
when did they meet
1774
delegates from all colonies except Georgia
1st Continental Congress
why they began to meet
due to the Intolerable Acts
1st Continental Congress
decisions they made
Ban all trade with Britain until the intolerabel acts were repealed
began training militias through volunteers
Thomas Paine/Common Sense
Wrote common sense to state that it was Common Sense to declare indepence from Britain
statements made
- King doesn’t have the God-given right to rule
- monarchies are corrupt
- Americas economy is strong enough to be independent
- America has the destiny to become a separate nation
Patrick Henry quote
A vocal member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who spoke out against British Colonial Policy
“Give me liberty or give me death”
Significane of Battles of Lexington and Concord
The British goal was to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Sons of Liberty and Pual Revere warned minutemen of approaching redcoats. 8 militiamen died but, but Samuel Adams and Paul Revere escaped
known as “shots heard round the world
significance- began a revolution that would change the world
Olive Branch Petition
signed by the 2nd Continential Congress as a final attempt at peace with King George III
Declaration of Independence
who
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
when was signed
July 4, 1776
Declaration of Independence
why
to officially break apart from Britain
unalienable rights listed in the Declaration of Independence
life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness
Disadvantages of the Continental Army
not all were Patriots
untrained and undisciplinted at first
small army
Advantages of the Continental Army
better leadership (GW)
foreign aid (France and Spain)
Knowledge of the land
motivation
Mercy Otis Warren
wrote plays/poems persuading people to become Patriots
Abigail Adams
Advocate of womens Rights that encouraged John Adams to “remember the ladies” in the new laws
George Washington
Commander and Chief of the Contential Army
Maquis de Lafayette
French nobleman who fought with Americans
Became a Cont. Army general and used his own Wealth for supplies
John Hanocock
President of the 2nd Contenitial Congress
member of the Sons of Liberty who used his own wealth to buy weapons for militia
Benjamin Franklin
helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris
went to France to persuade the French to ally
James Armistead
was enslaved during the war bt was set free by Virginia after the war
worked as a spy for Lafayette during the war
Significance of the Battles of Saratoga
turing point of the war (showed European nations that America could win)
Valley Forge
winter of 1777-1778, soldiers were in winter camp at Valley Forge, PA
men didn’t have basic protections
(blankets, clothing, shoes, and food)
2,000 men died of disease, malnutrition and exposure
What did surviving Valley Forge prove about the Continental Army? (you have to THINK for this one – not in notes)
It proved that America would not give up and showed their loyalty towards the US
guerilla warfare
hit-and-run tactcis, ambuse and suprise used in the south by the Americans
Significance of the Battle of Yorktwon
British troops under General Cornwallis were surrounded by Americans on the land and the French navy in the bay. British then surrendered
This was the last major battle of the American Revolution
Terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
-Great Britain recognized the U.S. as a independent nation
- borders (Mississippi=west) (Canada=north) (Spanish Florida=south)
- Gave U.S. the right to trade and settle west of the 13 colonies (no more proclamation line)
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
Treaty of Paris 1783
U.S. won Revolutionary War
Northwest Territory
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
-National government too weak (states soveriegn)
- U.S. was in major debt but they had no power to tax
- fighting among states (13 different nations and there was no judicial branch to settle disputes)
-congress was only branch
- no respect from foreign nations
Northwest Ordinance
set requirements for a territory to become a state
-at least 60,000 people
-slavery banned
Constiutional Convention why and when they meet
Summer of 1787 in Phillidelphia
to fix the articles of Confederation and strengthen the federal government.
Great Compromise
to please large and small states
2 houses in Congress
House of Representatives- based on population
Senate- 2 per state
3/5 compromise
3/5 slave population would be counted for representation and taxation
representation (votes in the House of Representatives)
taxation (amount of tax money states would be required to send the federal government)
Anti-Federalists beliefs
opposed Constitution and felt it gave too much poewr to the federal government and not enough to the states
They were worried the Constituition didn’t guarantee individual rights and demanded an added Bill of Rights
Federalists beliefs
supported Constitution and thought it created a good balance between state governments and the national government
-these people supported a strong national government
The Federalist papers
authors and purpose
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
to convince people to ratify constitution and defended the constitution
Popular Sovereignty
“We the people”
The government’s gets power from the people
Republicanism
people elect representatives to govern
Federalism
Power is shared between the national and state government
Separation of Powers
The Federal government is divided into 3 branches
Executive- enforces laws
Legislative- makes laws
Judicial- expalins and interprets the laws
Checks and Balances
Each branch has powres over the other 2 branches
Limited government
government powers are restricted and everyone must obey the laws of the land, including elected officials
Individual Rights
personal liberties(natural rights) that the government cannot take away
Purpose of amending the Constitution
allows the government to change as America changes
Bill of Rights
what
first 10 amendments
Bill of Rights
why
guarantees the protectiion of individual rights
added to convince Antifederalists to support the constitution
Amendment 1
RAPPS up rights
-Religion
-Assembly
-Press
-Petition
-speech
Amendment 2
the right to bear arms
Amendment 3
no quartering of troops
Amendment 4
no unreasonable search and seizures
Amendment 5
rights of a person accused of crime
-due process of law (fair treatment)
-indictment(charge) by Grand Jury
-no double jeopardy
-can’t take my property without due process or payment
-rights to remain silent
Amendment 6
-sppedy trial by jury in criminal cases
-right to an attorney
Amendment 7
right to a trial by a jury in civil cases
Amendment 8
guarantees no excessive bails, fines, or cruel and unusual punishment
Amendment 9
guarantees that people have more rights than those listed in amendments 1-8
Amendment 10
guarantees power no delegated to the federal government are reserved for states and the people
KNOW GEOGRAPHY
YES
