Early Republic Flashcards
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Washington’s sec of state and job
Thomas Jefferson (looks over foreign affairs)
Washington’s sec of treasury job
John Adams (US finances)
Washington’s sec of war and job
Henry Knox (national defense)
Identify and describe the law the first Congress passed that set up the nation’s court system
Judiciary Act of 1789- set # of justices on SC at 6
established federal courts lower than SC
John Jay= 1st Chief Justice
List AND briefly describe each part of Alexander Hamilton’s three part financial plan for the new nation.
- Assume State Debts- federal government were going to pay state debts from war
(South disagreed because they had already paid their debt) - Raise government revenues- taxes on domestic goods(whiskey)/ tariffs on foreign goods
(helps the government by raising money) - Create National Bank- safe place for government money/make loans/ issue uniform(same) money
Why did the South eventually agree to vote yes to Hamilton’s plan?
moved capital from NY to DC
Explain strict and loose construction of the Constitution
strict——- state powers
exact (limits government to specific powers from Constitution)
loose——- federal government power
(allows government to be flexible)
Leaders of strict construction
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Leaders of loose construction
John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
As a strict constructionist, we were opposed to the creation of the national bank because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
it was not in the constitution
As a loose constructionist, we were in favor of the creation of the national bank because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
elastic clause “necessary and proper”
Explain the domestic problems associated with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory with GW
how these issues were handled and eventually resolved by President Washington:
Problem: NA angry because US settlers taking land/ British giving them supplies and weapons
Action taken by Washington: he sent troops
(US won at Battle of Fallen Timbers)
Resolution: Treaty of Greenville (NA lost land to the US government)
Explain the domestic problems associated with whiskey farmers in Pennsylvania and how these issues were handled by President Washington and why he dealt with in that manner:
Problem: high tax on whiskey made Penn. farmers furious
Action taken by GW: brought 13,000 men to West Pennsylvania
Why he dealt with in that manner: GW proved that the federal government could and would enforce its laws
Problem caused by war between France and Great Britain
mixed American support (stuck in middle)
TJ advice and reason regarding war between France and GB
(pro France)
believed this bc France helped during the Revolutionary War and were also fighting for liberty and equality
Hamilton’s advice and reason regarding war between France and GB
(Pro- Britain)
wanted to remain trading ties
didn’t like “mob mentality”
Britain problem with US
attacking and stealing from US
forts remained in the ORV
Treaty that fixed issues with Britain and US
Jay’s Treaty- British would pay damages on seized US ships and abandon ORV forts
Spain Problem with US
Denied US access to MRiver and part of NO
disputed southern territory
Treaty that fixed issues with US and Spain
Pickney’s Treaty- recognize US southern border at 13 degrees North lattitude
reopened port of NO and MRiver open for travel and trade
What two major pieces of advice did Washington give the nation in his Farewell Address?
- Don’t form foreign ties (could draw US into war)
- No political parties (would divide nation)
Federalist Party view on who should rule
Wealthy People (white Landowning Men)
Federalist Party view on National Bank
Yes
Necessary and proper
Federalist Party view on eonomy
Manufacturing/Business
Federalist Party view on France or Britain
Britain (trade and anti-mob rule)
DR party view on constitution
strict construction
Federalist Party view on Constitution
Loose construction
DR party view on who should rule
All people (white landowning men)
DR party view on national bank
no (not in constitution)
DR party view on Economy
agriculture
DR party view on France or Britain
France (ally fighting for liberty)
Describe the causes, events and effects of the XYZ Affair:
Causes: France attacking US cargo ships/ Adam sent diplomats to establish peace
Events: French agents (XYZ) demanded bribe but US refused
Effects: US prepared for war (Army and Navy)
What eventually happened with France under John Adams that became his proudest accomplishment?
made peace with France in 1800
What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts
Prevent French spies and silence DR opposition to war vs France
Why and how did Jefferson and Madison oppose the Sedition Act
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
stated that it was unconstitutional (federal government couldn’t pass acts because they interfered with state government)
argued that states have the right to cancel a national law if they view it as unjust (theory of states rights)
What was unique about the Presidential election of 1800 and how was it resolved?
Problem: TJ and Burr tied (DR party)
Resolution: decision went to House of R
POTUS: TJ won on 36th vote
VP: Burr
Led to 12th amendment with stated that the POTUS and VP were elected together
What was Jefferson’s philosophy of government and what steps did he take as POTUS that reflect his philosophy?
limit government power
reduced # of federal employees
reduce amount of debt owed by US government
reduced army size
Explain why Marbury vs. Madison a significant Supreme Court Case and what it established? - Include Chief Justice
established Judicial Review (John Marshall)
1st time law was judged as unconstitutional
Explain the details surrounding the Louisiana Purchase (why, when, who, how, significance)
why: TJ wanted NO/ Spain closed port for US shipping/ France just got the land
When- 1803
Who - France
How- France needed money for war and offered 15 million to US for all of LO
Significance- doubled size of US (3 cents an acre)
Describe the experiences and achievements of the Lewis and Clark expedition
used MO river, crossed Rockies, reached Pacific Ocean, used Sac as guide and interpreter
mapped territory (Clark)
est NA relations (mostly friendly)
described new A and P (Lewis)
Did NOT find an all water route across the continent though
Describe the foreign policy challenges faced by Jefferson as POTUS and how he handled them:
issue- Impressment + Attacking us ships
Action- Embargo Act (US ships no longer allowed to sail foreign ports/closed US ports to British ships
Result: Almost tanked US economy/eventually repealed
Describe the foreign policy challenges faced Madison as POTUS and how he handled them:
issue: Impressment + Attacking us ships from Brit
action: stop trade with these countries
result: didn’t work
List and describe the three causes of the War of 1812.
Impressment of US sailors
Interference with US shipping
support of NA (resistance increased in NW territory)
What were the two phases of the War of 1812?
British still focused on war with France (sent ships to blockade US coast)
British won and turned completely to the US
Explain battle of Fort McHenry
star spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key
Flag was still standing
Explain battle of NO
US victory with Andrew Jackson
war already over
What treaty ended the War of 1812?
Treaty of Ghent (no territory change/ was considered TIE)
What were the three effects of the war of 1812 on America?
- increased US patriotism
- weakened NA resistance (made it easier for settlers to take land)
- US manufacturing grew
Identify the 3 main parts of Henry Clay’s “American System”, designed to make the US economically self-sufficient;
- establish a protective tariff (US goods cheaper/Euro more expensive)
- establish a national bank (first charter cancelled)
- Improve US transportation system (roads, canals, etc)
Define nationalism
feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness for your country
Define sectionalism
loyalty to own region rather than the country as a whole
Define National Road
Known as Cumberland Road
extended from Maryland through Illinois and helped connect the nation
Define Erie Canal
Albany—–> Buffalo
connected Lake Erie to Hudson River and opened upper ORV to Great Lakes region to settlement and trade
became #1 port
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe’s presidency- national feeling spread
only one party (DR)
Convention of 1818
set border between US and British Canada at 49 degrees North Latitude
Adam-Onis Treaty
With Spain to avoid war caused by AJ
US gained Florida
settled boundary between the US and New Spain
Gibbons vs Ogden
Interstate Commerce
Gibbons was operating steamboats with federal government approval while Ogden was operating with State approval
Mcculloh vs Maryland
state of Maryland tried to tax its branch of national bank (stated that it was unconstitutional). Mcculloh won and stated that it was “necessary and proper”
What effect did Mcculloh vs Maryland and Gibbons vs Ogden have on the power of the federal government
strengthen authority of federal government
What was the Monroe Doctrine
written by JQA/ first step away from GW policy of isolatism
Informed EURO nations that the West Hemisphere was closed for further colonization
European attempts of colonization would be considered an act of war
US would defend the West Hemisphere
Explain the regional interests of each section of the US in the early 1800s:
South- White Plantation owners relying on slavery for cotton
North- factories: protective tariffs and transportation
West- food farmers wanted cheap land and good transportation
Explain the provisions of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and why it was passed
1817- 11 free states and 11 slave states
Henry Clay “great compromiser”
MO= slave Maine= free
stated that slavery banned in LO territory
allowed for balance to be keep between slave and free states
Why was whiskey important
easier to transport than grain
used it for trade
Rush Bagot Agreement
with British
limited navies on Great Lakes
what was impressment
British ships would take US sailors and make them work on their ships
