Face and Scalp

Question 1

Name the layers of the scalp

Answer 1

Skin
Dense connective tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Lose areolar tissue
Periosteum

Question 2

Which muscles are connected by the epicranial aponeurosis?

Answer 2

Occipitalis and Frontalis

Question 3

What are the consequences of scalp laceration?

Answer 3

Severe bleeding - this is due to the vessels being held by the dense connective tissue and are unable to vasoconstrict. Also the scalp has a rich arterial supply.
The laceration will be pulled open by the occipital and frontalis muscles which worsens bleeding further,

Question 4

Which arteries supply the scalp?

Answer 4

Superficial temporal, occipital, posterior auricular

Question 5

Which 3 ways is venous drainage from the scalp achieved?

Answer 5

Superficial into superficial veins
Deep into the pterygoid venous plexus
Through emissary veins into cranial cavity

Question 6

What Nerves innervate the scalp?

Answer 6

Supratrochlea, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal all from trigeminal nerve.
Cervical plexus - lesser occipital, greater occipital, greater auricular and third occipital nerve

Question 7

Which nerves supply muscles of the face

Answer 7

Trigeminal to muscles of mastication

Facial to muscle of facial expression

Question 8

Describe the course of the facial artery.

Answer 8

This is a branch of the external carotid artery and passes inferior to the border of the mandible before passing lateral to the mouth. It then runs medially and superiorly becoming the angular artery at the lateral border of the nose.

Question 9

Where does venous drainage of the face flow?

Answer 9

Angular and facial veins drain from the face. This then combines with the anterior part of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein which then drains into the internal jugular vein.

Question 10

Name the branches of the external carotid artery

Answer 10

Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, maxillary, superficial temporal