Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > FA - Micro - Parasitology > Flashcards

FA - Micro - Parasitology Flashcards

0
Q

Giardiasis - Transmission?

A

Cysts in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Giardiasis - Features?

A
  1. Bloating
  2. Flatulence
  3. Foul-smelling
  4. Fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Giardiasis - Diagnosis?

A

Trophozoites OR cysts in stool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Giardiasis - Treatment?

A

Metronidazole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amebiasis - Features?

A
  1. Bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
  2. Liver abscess (“Anchovy paste” exudate)
  3. RUQ pain (histology shows flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amebiasis - Transmission?

A

Cysts in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amebiasis - Diagnosis?

A

Serology and/or trophozoites (with RBCs in the cytoplasm) OR cysts (with up to 4 nuclei) in stool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amebiasis - Treatment?

A
  1. Metronidazole

2. Iodoquinol for asymptomatic CYST passers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cryptosporidium - Features?

A 
Severe diarrhea in AIDS.
Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in immunocompetent.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cryptosporidium - Transmission?

A

Oocysts in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cryptosporidium - Diagnosis?

A

Oocysts on acid-fast stain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cryptosporidium treatment?

A
  1. Prevention (by filtering city water supplies).

2. NITAZOXANIDE in immunocompetent hosts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T.gondii - causes?

A

Reactivation in AIDS ==> Brain abscess seen as ring-enhancing brain lesions on MRI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Congenital toxo - classical triad?

A
  1. Chorioretinitis
  2. Hydrocephalus
  3. Intracranial calcifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T.gondii - transmission?

A
  1. Cysts in meat (MC).
  2. Oocysts in cat feces.
  3. Crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T.gondii - diagnosis?

A

Serology or biopsy (tachyzoites).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Toxo - Treatment?

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Naegleria fowleri - causes?

A

Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

N.fowleri - transmission?

A
  1. Swimming in freshwater lakes .

2. Enters via cribriform plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

N.fowleri - diagnosis?

A

Amoebas in spinal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

N.fowleri treatment?

A

Amphotericin B has been effective for a few survivors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T.brucei - causes?

A

African sleeping sickness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

African sleeping sickness - features?

A
  1. Enlarged lymph nodes
  2. Recurring fever (due to ANTIGENIC VARIATION)
  3. Somnolence
  4. Coma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T.brucei - Transmission?

A

Tsetse fly - a painful bite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
T.brucei - diagnosis?
TRYPOMASTIGOTE in blood smear.
25
T.brucei - Treatment?
1. Suramin ==> Blood-borne disease. | 2. Melarsoprol ==> CNS penetration.
26
Malaria - Features?
1. Fever 2. Headache 3. Anemia 4. Splenomegaly
27
P.vivax/ovale - Features?
48h-cycle - tertian; includes fever on 1st day and 3rd day, thus fevers are actually 48h apart.
28
P.vivax/ovale - Dormant form?
Hypnozoites in liver.
29
P.falciparum - features?
1. Severe 2. Irregular fever patterns 3. Parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidney, lungs.
30
P.malariae - cycle?
72h - quartan.
31
Plasmodium - transmission?
Mosquito (Anopheles).
32
Plasmodium - diagnosis?
Blood smear: 1. Trophozoite ring form within RBC. 2. Schizont containing merozoites.
33
Plasmodium - treatment?
1. Begin with chloroquine, which blocks PLASMODIUM HEME POLYMERASE. 2. If resistant - use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil.
34
Plasmodium - Life-threatening - treatment?
1. IV quinidine (test for G6PD). | 2. ARTESUNATE.
35
P.vivax/ovale treatment?
Add primaquine for hypnozoite (test for G6PD).
36
Babesiosis - features?
1. Fever | 2. Hemolytic anemia
37
Babesiosis - where?
Predominantly in northeastern US.
38
Babesiosis - special risk?
Asplenia --> Incr. risk for severe disease.
39
Babesia - Transmission?
Ixodes tick (same as B.burgdorferi) - often coinfection.
40
Babesia - diagnosis?
1. Blood smear: Ring form - Maltese cross. | 2. PCR.
41
Babesiosis - Treatment?
Atovaquone + Azithro
42
T.cruzi - causes?
Chagas
43
Chagas - features?
1. DCM + APICAL ATROPHY. 2. Megacolon 3. Megaesophagus
44
T.cruzi - where?
Predominantly in South America.
45
T.cruzi - transmission?
1. Reduviid bug - "kissing bug" 2. Feces 3. Deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss)
46
T.cruzi - diagnosis?
TRYPOMASTIGOTE in blood smear.
47
T.cruzi - treatment?
1. Benznidazole | 2. Nifurtimox
48
L.donovani - causes?
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar).
49
Visceral leishmaniasis - features?
1. Spiking fevers 2. HSM 3. Pancytopenia
50
L.donovani - transmission?
Sand fly
51
L.donovani - diagnosis?
Macrophages containing AMASTIGOTES.
52
L.donovani - treatment?
1. Amphotericin B. | 2. Sodium STIBOGLUCONATE.
53
T.vaginalis - causes?
Vaginitis.
54
T.vaginalis - not to be confused with?
G.vaginalis - gram variable bacterium associated with bacterial vaginosis.
55
T.vaginalis - Transmission?
Sexual (CANNOT EXIST OUTSIDE human because it cannot form cysts).
56
T.vaginalis - diagnosis?
Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount. "Strawberry cervix".
57
T.vaginalis - treatment?
Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis).
58
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) - transmission?
Fecal-oral
59
E.vermicularis (pinworm) - causes?
Intestinal infection causing ANAL PRURITUS (diagnosed via SCOTCH TAPE TEST).
60
E.vermicularis (pinworm) - treatment?
Bendazoles (because worms are bendy).
61
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - transmission?
Fecal-oral ==> eggs visible in feces under microscope.
62
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - disease?
Intestinal infection ==> Possible OBSTRUCTION at ileocecal valve.
63
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - treatment?
Bendazoles.
64
Strongyloides stercoralis - transmission?
Larvae in soil penetrate the skin.
65
Strongyloides stercoralis - disease?
Intestinal infection causing: 1. Vomiting 2. Diarrhea 3. Epigastric pain (may be peptic ulcer-like)
66
Strongyloides stercoralis - treatment?
Ivermectin or bendazoles.
67
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms) - transmission?
Larvae penetrate skin.
68
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms) - disease?
Intestinal infection causing: | Anemia --> Sucking blood from intestinal walls.
69
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms) - treatment?
Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate.
70
Onchocerca volvulus - transmission?
Female blackfly bite.
71
Onchocerca volvulus - Disease?
1. Skin changes. 2. Loss of ELASTIC FIBERS. 3. River blindness. ==> Black flies + Black skin nodules + Black sight. ==> ALLERGIC REACTION TO MICROFILARIA possible.
72
Onchocerca volvulus - treatment?
Ivermectin (IVERmectin for rIVER blindness).
73
Loa loa - transmission?
1. Deer fly. 2. Horse fly. 3. Mango fly.
74
Loa loa - disease?
1. Swelling in skin. | 2. Worm in conjunctiva.
75
Loa loa - treatment?
Diethylcarbamazine.
76
Wuchereria bancrofti - transmission?
Female mosquito
77
Wuchereria bancrofti - disease?
Elephantiasis: Worms invade lymph nodes and cause inflammation ==> Can block the lymphatic vessels. ==> Takes 9 MONTHS-1 YEAR after bite to become symptomatic.
78
Wuchereria bancrofti - treatment?
Diethylcarbamazine.
79
Toxocara canis - transmission?
Fecal-oral
80
Toxocara canis - disease?
Visceral larva migrans.
81
Toxocara canis - treatment?
Bendazoles.
82
Nemotodes (roundworms):
A. INTESTINAL: 1. E.vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides 3. Strongyloides stercoralis 4. Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus 5. Trichinella spiralis. B. TISSUE: 1. Onchocerca volvulus 2. Loa loa 3. Wucheria bancrofti 4. Toxocara canis
83
Nematode routes of infection - ingested?
1. Enterobius 2. Ascaris 3. Toxocara 4. Trichinella.
84
Nematode route of infection - Cutaneous?
1. Strongyloides 2. Ancylostoma 3. Necator
85
Nematode routes of infection - Bites?
1. Loa loa 2. Onchocerca volvulus 3. Wuchereria bancrofti
86
Cestodes?
1. Taenia solium 2. Diphyllobothrium latum 3. Echinococcus granulosus
87
Taenia solium - transmission?
1. Ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork ==> Intestinal tapeworm. 2. Ingestion of eggs contaminated with human feces ==> Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis.
88
Taenia solium - disease?
1. Intestinal tapeworm | 2. Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis
89
Taenia solium - intestinal infection treatment?
Praziquantel.
90
Taenia solium - cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis treatment?
1. Praziquantel | 2. Albendazole for neurocysticercosis
91
Diphyllobothrium latum - transmission?
Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish.
92
Diphyllobothrium latum - disease?
VitB12 def. (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) --> MEGALOBLASTIC Anemia.
93
Diphyllobothrium latum - treatment?
Praziquantel.
94
Echinococcus granulosus - transmission?
Ingestion of eggs from dog feces. | ==> SHEEP are INTERMEDIATE HOST.
95
Echinococcus granulosus - disease?
Hydatid cysts in liver --> causing anaphylaxis if antigens released (surgeons preinject with ETHANOL or HYPERTONIC SALINE to kill cysts before removal).
96
Echinococcus granulosus - treatment?
Albendazole.
97
Trematodes (flukes) ?
1. Schistosoma | 2. Clonorchis sinensis
98
Schistosoma -transmission?
Snails are host - cercariae penetrate skin of humans.
99
Schistosoma - disease?
1. Liver and spleen ENLARGEMENT, fibrosis, inflammation. | 2. Chronic infection with S.haematobium can lead to SCC of the bladder (painless hematuria) + PULMONARY HTN.
100
Schistosoma - treatment?
Praziquantel
101
Clonorchis sinensis - transmission?
Undercooked fish
102
Clonorchis sinensis - disease?
1. Biliary tract inflammation --> pigmented gallstones. | 2. Associated with cholangiocarcinoma!
103
Clonorchis sinensis treatment?
Praziquantel.
104
Biliary tract disease | Cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis
105
Brain cysts | Seizures
Taenia solium (NEUROcysticercosis)
106
Hematuria | Bladder SCC
Schistosoma haematobium
107
Liver (hydatid) cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
108
Microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma, Necator
109
Perianal pruritus
Enterobius
110
Portal HTN
Schistosoma mansonii, Schistosoma japonicum
111
VitB12 def
Diphyllobothrium latum.
112
2 Ectoparasites:
1. Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei). | 2. Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis).
113
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) - Mites that ...?
1. Burrow into the STRATUM CORNEUM ==> Cause PRURITUS. | 2. Causes serpiginous burrows (lines) in webspace of hands and feet.
114
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) - Common in ...?
1. Children. | 2. Crowded populations (jails, nursing homes).
115
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) - Transmission through ...?
Fomites.
116
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) - Tx:
1. Permethrin cream. 2. Washing/drying ALL CLOTHING/BEDDING. 3. Treat close contacts.
117
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis):
BLOOD-SUCKING insects that prefer to live on CLOTHING.
118
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - Cause ...?
1. INTENSE PRURITUS. | 2. Pink macules + Papules commonly in intertriginous regions.
119
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - Can transmit:
1. Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus). 2. Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever). 3. Bartonella quintana (trench fever).
120
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - Tx:
1. Pyrethroids. 2. Malathion. 3. Ivermectin lotion. 4. Nit combing.
121
Children with head lice can be treated at ...?
HOME without interrupting school.
122
Myalgias + Periorbital edema:
T.spiralis.
123
Schistosoma mansonii - Morphology:
Egg with LATERAL SPINE.
124
S.haematobium - Morphology:
Egg with TERMINAL SPINE.
125
VISCERAL larva migrans (Toxocara canis) - Pathogenesis:
1. Nematodes migrate to BLOOD through intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage. 2. Organs frequently affected include: A. HEART (myocarditis). B. LIVER. C. CNS (Seizures + coma).
126
Trichinella spiralis - Disease:
Intestinal infection. | ==> Larvae enter bloodstream and encyst in STRIATED muscle ==> Inflammation of muscle.
127
Trichinosis:
1. Fever. 2. Vomiting. 3. Nausea. 4. Periorbital edema. 5. Myalgia.
128
T.spiralis - Transmission:
Fecal-oral ==> Undercooked meat (ESPECIALLY PORK).
129
T.spiralis - Tx:
Bendazoles.
130
Immune response to helminths:
Eosinophils act by HSR I + HRS II in responding to helminths.
131
Immune response to helminths - HSR I:
Neutralization of histamine and LTs.
132
Immune response to helminths - HSR II:
Eosinophils attach to surface of helminths via IgE + Release cytotoxins (eg MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN) contained in their granules.
133
Vaginitis:
1. Foul-smelling + Greenish discharge. | 2. Itching + Burning.
134
Cutaneous leishmaniasis:
SKIN ULCERS.
135
T.cruzi - Characteristic of acute stage:
ROMANA SIGN ==> Unilateral periorbital swelling.
136
Malaria - Diagnosis of P.vivax/ovale?
Red granules (SCHUFFNER STIPPLING) throughout RBC cytoplasm seen with P.vivax/ovale.
137
2 subspecies of T.brucei:
1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

Microbiology (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions