FA Gram + rods I Flashcards
Pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane) with lymphadenopathy, myocarditis, and arrhythmias
Corneybacterium diphtheriae
C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria via exotoxin encoded by
beta prophage
diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis via
ADP-ribosylation of EF2
diphtheria forms black colonies on what type of agar
cystine-tellurite
Diphtheria diagnosis based on gram + rods with WHAT and WHAT test for toxin
metachromatic (blue and red) granules
Elek’s test
what type of vaccine can prevent diphtheria?
toxoid
What do you call the lab test for diphtheria toxin?
Elek’s test
Cornebacterium diphtheriae mnemonic:
ABCDE
ADP-ribosylation Beta-prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheria Elongation Factor 2 Granules
Spore-forming gram + bacteria found in soil (3)
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringens
C tetani
All 7 spore formers
B anthracis
C perfringens, botulinum, tetani, difficile
B cereus
Coxiella burnetii
Some bacteria can form spores at the end of the BLANK when nutrients are limited.
stationary phase
spores are highly resistant to
heat and chemicals
do spores have metabolic activity?
NO
how do you kill spores?
Autoclave (as is done to surgical equipment) by steaming at 121 degrees celcius for 15 minutes
gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli
Clostridia with exotoxins (C tetani, C botulinum, C perfringens, C difficile)
Spores have what in their core?
Dipicolinic acid
Tetanus is a tetanic paralysis that has what NT effect?
BLOCKS glycine and GABA (inhibitory NTs) from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord
Blockage of glycine and GABA release from Renshaw cells in spinal cord causes what symptoms
spastic paralysis
trismus (lockjaw)
risus sardonicus
Tetanus toxin and botulism toxin are proteases that
cleave releasing proteins for neurotransmitters
Produces a preformed, heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at the NMJ
C botulinum
NT associated with tetanus
Glycine and GABA
NT associated with botulism
ACh
in adults, how is botulism caused?
ingestion of preformed toxin (i.e. in bad canned food)
in babies, how is botulism caused?
clasically, ingestion of spores in honey –> floppy baby
botulism presentation
flaccid paralysis
What is the toxin associated with C perfringens
alpha toxin (lecithinase, a phospholiapse)
C difficile toxins
Toxin A and Toxin B
What does alpha toxin cause
myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
gas gangreneq
C perfringens
What does C difficile toxin A cause?
enterotoxin that binds to the brush border of the gut
What does C difficile toxin B cause?
cytotoxin that destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes, causing psuedomembranosu colitis
C difficile is often secondary to antibiotic use, especially
clindamycin or ampicillin
how do you diagnose c diff?
detection of toxin A and/or B in the stool
C diff presentation
diarrhea
How do you treat c diff?
metronidazole or oral vancomycin
