F&A Flashcards

1
Q

Etiologies of Cavovarus Foot

A

<div>-Hereditary motor/sens neuropathy: CMT, SMA, CP, Polio, Friedreich Ataxia</div>

<div>-CNS lesions: MS, TBI, SCI, Stroke, Tumour</div>

<div>-PNS lesions: Tumour, polio, congenital (myelomeningocele, diastematomyelia, spinal dysraphism)</div>

<div>-trauma: talus malunion, compartment syndrome</div>

<div>-residual congenital cavovarus</div>

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2
Q

etiology of claw toes (in clubfoot)

A

EHL/EDC overdrive (to help with ankle DF from Weak tib ant) overpowers weak intrinsics

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3
Q

Hindfoot varus compensates for what deformity in cavovarus foot?

A

“Forefoot pronation (driven by a planterflex 1st ray)<div><img></img><br></br></div>”

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4
Q

Coleman Block test: (1) use (2) method

A

“(1) determine hindfoot flexibility - ie is cavovarus forefoot driven<div>(2) place block laterally under foot - ie leaving D1 ray free</div><div><img></img><br></br></div>”

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5
Q

Radiographic Findings in Cavovarus foot

A

Alignment parameters<div>-Meary angle (talus X 1st MT) >0 deg</div><div>-Hibs angle (calc X 1st MT) < 130 deg</div><div>-Calc Pitch >30 deg</div><div>Double talar dome</div><div>Open sinus tarsi</div><div>Bell shaped cuboid</div><div><br></br></div><div>AP: TN overcoverage</div>

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6
Q

Surgical Procedures for Cavovarus foot?

A

Soft-tissue<div>-Transfers: PL to PB, Tib post to dorsal lat cuneiform, EHL to TA, FHL to PB</div><div>-PF release</div><div>-Gastroc recession/TAL</div><div>-Lat lig recon</div><div><br></br></div><div>Osteotomies</div><div>-hindfoot: lateral calcaneal wedge/slide</div><div>-midfoot: 1st ray dorsal closing wedge</div><div>-forefoot: lateral column shortening</div><div>-supramalleolar: if ankle involved</div><div><br></br></div>

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7
Q

Classifcation of Adult Flat Foot? (Myerson modification)

A

1- no deformity, just tenosynovitis<div>2- Flexible deformity</div><div>3- fixed deformity</div><div>4 - foot and ankle deformity</div>

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8
Q

Treatment options for Flat Foot?

A

Non-op<div>-orthosis: arch support, medial heel wedge, forefoot support</div><div><br></br></div><div><u>Operative</u></div><div>Stage 2</div><div>Soft-tissue (<b>never do in isolation</b>)</div><div>-FDL transfer to navicular/PTT stump</div><div>-spring ligament reconstruction</div><div>Boney</div><div>-Calc osteotomy: calcaneal lengthening vs MDCO</div><div>-Cotton osteotomy: dorsal closing wedge of 1st ray or 1st TMT arthrodesis</div><div><br></br></div><div>Stage 3: Triple arthrodesis</div><div><br></br></div><div>Stage 4: TTC fusion</div><div><br></br></div><div>Dont forget to address ankle equinus<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div></div>

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9
Q

Complications of Achilles tendon repair

A

-Incision: hypertrophic scar, wound dehiscence, infection<div>-Sural nerve injury</div><div>-Tethering of Achilles to skin</div><div><br></br></div><div>Surgery has 15% risk for complications other than re-rupture</div>

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10
Q

Chronic Achilles treatment?

A

Gap 3-5cm: augmentation (V-Y lengthening, local turndown), FHL Transfer<div>Gap >5cm: FHL (or FDL transfer) +/- dermal matrix synthetic</div>

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11
Q

Rheumatoid Foot Deformity and Tx?

A

Forefoot: hallux valgus and claw toes<div>-Tx: 1st MTP fusion and D2-D5 MTP joint resection +/- PIP resection and re-alignment/pinning</div><div><br></br></div><div>Midfoot collapse/pes planus: often from TMT</div>

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12
Q

Tx Algorithm for Hallux Valgus?

A

IMA<13, HVA<30 -> Distal Chevron<div><br></br></div><div>IMA>13, HVA>30 -> Proximal Osteotomy + DSTP, or MTP fusion</div><div><br></br></div><div>OA/spasticity –> Fuse</div><div>Hypermobile 1st TMT -> Fuse (Lapidus)</div><div><br></br></div><div>Congruent Joint: Akin, exostectomy, Chevron</div><div><br></br></div>

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13
Q

Severity Classification for Hallux Valgus

A

Mild: IMA <13 HVA<20<div>Mod: IMA 13-20 HVA 20-40</div><div>Sev: IMA >20 HVA>40</div>

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14
Q

Characteristics of Juvenile Hallux Valgus?

A

Hx: bilateral, cosmetic def, +FHX<div>Pes planus or metatarsus adductus deformity</div><div><b>increased DMMA</b></div><div>1st MT is in varus leading to increased IMA</div><div>high recurrence rate</div><div>tx: cuneiform osteotomy</div>

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15
Q

Fusion Position for 1st MTP

A

Neutral rotation<div>5 deg valgus</div><div>10-15 deg dorsi</div>

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16
Q

Causes for Hallux varus post-hallux valgus correction?

A

IMA over-correction through osteotomy<div>Excessive medial eminence resection<br></br>Excessive medial capsular tightening</div><div>Excessive lateral release</div><div>Excision fibular sesamoid</div>

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17
Q

Ankle arthroplasty vs arthrodesis

A

-both weaker gait cf controls<div>-equivalent patient satisfaction<div>-ankle arthroplasty ROM similar to control, <b>weaker PF strength</b></div></div>

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18
Q

Indications for fusion over ankle arthroplasty

A

insensate foot<div>acute/chronic infx</div><div>severe multiplanar deformity</div><div>charcot neuroarthropathy</div><div>talus osteonecrosis</div><div>poor soft tissue</div>

19
Q

Ankle Fusion position

A

Neutral Flex<div>ER 10 deg (overall foot should be 25 deg ER relative to tibia)</div><div>5 deg Valgus</div>

20
Q

Orthotic for ankle fusion?

A

Heel to toe rocker

21
Q

OCD Talus Tx options?

A

“<div>-<1cm –> microfracture (if no cart cap), retrograde drilling (if cap intact)</div><div>->1cm –> OATS</div><div><img></img><br></br></div>”

22
Q

Gastrocs Contracture results in?

A

knee flexion<div>ankle flexion (PF)</div><div>subtalar inversion/supination</div>

23
Q

Conditions assx with gastrocs contracture

A

<b>neuropathic ulcers</b><div><b>charcot midfoot collapse</b></div><div><b>plantar fasciitis</b></div><div><br></br></div><div><div>Lesser degree PTTD, Achilles tendinopathy, ankle sprain and fracture, MTP synovitis, hallux valgus, claw toes and toe walking</div></div>

24
Q

Methods to Decrease risk of equinus contracture post-Charcot amputation

A

Increase DF of foot with Transfer to Dorsum of talus (Tib Ant, PL, PB, EDL)<div><br></br></div><div>Gastrocs/TAL recession</div><div><br></br></div><div>Boney: TTC fusion</div>

25
Causes of charcot neuroarthropathy?
Common: DM (1-2.5%), EtOH
CNS: TBI, SCI, myelo, syringomyelia, MS
PNS: Leprosy, CMT
Congenital insensitivity to pain
26
Symes amp: (1) technical goal (2) surgical techinque
(1) rigid socket to prevent fat pad migration
(2) fat pad to anterior tibia to prevent fat pad migration
27
Stages of Charcot?
0: Inflamm --> frequent F/U
1: fragmentation --> TCC with NWB
2: coalescence --> TCC with PWB
3: reconstruction --> surgery if needed to achieve plantigrade foot
28
Predictors of NON-healing of diabetic Ulcers
TcO2 <30mmHg
ABI <0.5
Serum Albumin <2.5g/dl
Absolute Lymph count <1,500
29
Sesamoid Bones in Foot?
-receive 50% of BW during normal gait
-Tibial (med head FHB)>fibular (lat head FHB)
->1 artery
30
Assx injuries with ankle instability?
Peroneal tendonitis
Talar OCD
Talar lateral process #

NOT Post tibialis sublux/dislocation
31
Causes of ankle impingement post-inversion injury?
Talar osteophyte
Scar tissue in lateral gutter
Hypertrophy Bassett ligament (distal AITFL)

NOT CN coalition
32
Inverters of subtalar joint?
Tib ant, Tib post
EHL, FHL
Achilles
33
Post-RA reconstruction with dusty toes - plan?
Release dressing 
Remove tourniquet 
Dangle Foot 
Warm foot 
Skewer toe onto K-wire and rotate 
Remove Pin
34
Treatment of MCP in Z-shaped thumb deformity
MCP: hyperextension deformity!

<10 deg - nothing
10-20 -  percutaneous pinning of MCP in 25-35° flexion x 4wk ± EPB tendon transfer
20-40 - volar capsulodesis vs sesamoidesis
>40 - MCP arthrodesis
35
Watson Shift Test?
Apply dorsal-ward pressure to scaphdoi while bringing wrist from ulnar to radial
If unstable the scaphoid will dorsally sublux
Release of pressure will lead to clunk

FP in 33% due to lig lax
36
Dorsal Ligament Sparing Approach
"1-Midpoint b/t listers and DRUJ 
2-Dorsal tubercle of Triquetrum 
3-Sulcus b/t scaphoid and trapezoid


"
37
RFs for foot ulceration in diabetics?
""
38
Dx criteria for RA?
""
39
Tx for mallet, hammer and claw toes?
"
  • Mallet Toe --> flexion contracture of the DIP (normal PIP/MTP). Tx: FDL tenotomy
  • Hammer Toe --> PIP flexion deformity (normal DIP and MTP). Tx: FDL transfer to extensor
  • Claw Toe --> Hyperextension at MTP with secondary flexion at PIP (and sometimes DIP). Tx: FDL transfer to extensor surface


"
40
Algorithm for talar OCD treatment?
"-nonop, NWB
-subchondral drilling (if cartilage cap intact)
-microfracture (if cartilage cap gone) - RC EXAM
-fixation/debridement if unstable
-OATS: osteochondral autograft transfer system (ie from knee), can do one large piece or mosaicplasty
-structural osteochondral allograft
-ACI: autologous chondrocyte implantation (harvest chondrocytes from knee, culture, implant)

"
41
algorithm for hallux valgus
""
42
Non-op protocol for achilles rupture?
  • 0-2 wks: Initial immobilization + NWB
  • 2-4 wks: CAM (control ankle motion) + 2 cm heel lift + Protected weight bearing + ROM to neutral
  • 4-6 wks: WBAT
  • 6-8 wks: remove heel lift + Dorsiflexion stretching + Propioception
  • 8-12 wks: Wean off boot
43
Navicular stress fractures: location, tx
"
96% success for immobilization x 6 weeks for undisplaced fractures 
Average time to return to sport = 5 months
"
44
In the treatment of hallux rigidus, what is the advantage of interposition arthroplasty with a synthetic cartilage implant when compared with arthrodesis?

A. Decreased surgical time
B. Improved ability to correct deformity
C. Restoration of normal ROM
D. Shorter time to maximum pain reduction
A.

Interposition arthroplasty with a synthetic cartilage implant has been shown to be a viable alternative to arthrodesis in the treatment of hallux rigidus. The advantages of interposition arthroplasty include pain reduction equivalent to that observed after arthrodesis, fewer postoperative weight-bearing restrictions, and the maintenance of range of motion. Interposition arthroplasty is not recommended in patients with substantial deformity (hallux varus or hallux valgus more than 20°). Compared with arthrodesis, the time to maximum pain reduction is more prolonged with interposition arthroplasty.