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Exam 2 > Eyeball Physiology > Flashcards

Eyeball Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

Peak to peak

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2
Q

What is a focal point?

A

The point at which rays or waves converge after refraction

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2
Q

What is far vision?

A

Normal vision

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2
Q

What does refraction mean?

A

Bending light

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2
Q

What is near vision?

A

Looking at something up close

The closest point we can see something up close clearly

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts to near vision?

A

Accommodation, constriction of pupil (parasympathetic) and convergence of eyeball

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3
Q

What are the inner segments?

A

Connecting cilium that connects to the cell body (in the neural layer)

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3
Q

What is near vision accommodation?

A

Process that increases the refractory power of the lens

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3
Q

What is convergence of the eyeballs?

A

Crossing your eyes

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3
Q

What controls the ciliary bodies?

A

Parasympathetic fibers and oculomotor nerves

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3
Q

What is constriction of the pupils?

A

The sphincter pupillae muscles of the iris enhance the effect of accommodation

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3
Q

What are the accommodation steps?

A

The ciliary muscles contract, pulling the ciliary body toward the pupil and inward, releasing tension in the ciliary zonule

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3
Q

What is nearsightedness

A

Can’t see far away

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3
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness and eye is too long

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3
Q

What are the outer segments?

A

The receptive regions of rods and cones

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4
Q

What are the 2 vision defects?

A

Myopia and hyperopia

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4
Q

What is farsightedness?

A

Can’t see close up

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4
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness and eye is too small

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4
Q

What is a visual pigment (photopigment)?

A

They trap light and change shape

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5
Q

What happens to the lens when ciliary muscles relax?

A

Gets flattened

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6
Q

What happens to the lens when ciliary muscles constrict?

A

Gets rounded (fat)

7
Q

The fatter the lens, the more….

A

strentgh

8
Q

What is retinal?

A

A light-absorbing molecule

9
Q

What are the parts of a visual pigment?

A

Retinal and opsin

9
Q

What is an opsin?

A

A protein

10
Q

Rods vs cones: noncolor visions

A

Rods

11
Q

Rods vs cones: Color vision

A

Cones

12
Q

Rods vs cones: High sensitivity

A

Rods

13
Q

Rods vs cones: Low sensitivity

A

Cones

14
Q

Rods vs cones: Mostly in central retina

A

Cones

14
Q

Rods vs cones: Mostly in peripheral retina

A

Rods

15
Q

Retinal and opsin combine together and form…

A

4 types of visual pigments

16
Q

Retinal is related to vitamin…

A

A

16
Q

Step 1 activation bleaching of pigment:

A

Retinal (cis-retinal) combined with opsin = forms rhodopsin

17
Q

Step 2 activation bleaching of pigment:

A

Light absorption by rhodopsin triggers a rapid series of steps in which retinal changes from cis to trans and releases opsin

18
Q

Step 3 activation bleaching of pigment:

A

Retinal changes from trans back to cis

19
Q

Step 1 in the dark: cGMP-gated channels….

A

open. Photoreceptor depolarizes

20
Q

Step 2 in the dark: Voltage gated calcium channels _____ in synaptic terminals

A

open

21
Q

Step 6 in the dark: Does an action potential occur?

A

No

22
Q

Step 3 in the dark: Neurotransmitter is…

A

released

23
Q

Step 5 in the dark: Hyperpolarization _______ voltage-gated calcium channels, ______ neurotransmitter release

A

closes, inhibiting

24
Q

Step 4 in the dark: Neurotransmitter causes __________ in bipolar cell

A

hyperpolarization

25
Q

Step 1in the light: cGMP-gated channels….

A

close, photoreceptor hyperpolarizes

26
Q

Step 2 in the light: Voltage gated calcium channels _____ in synaptic terminals

A

close

27
Q

Step 3 in the light: Neurotransmitter is…

A

released

28
Q

Step 4 in the light: Bipolar cells…

A

depolarizes

29
Q

Step 6 in the light: Does an action potential occur?

A

Yes

30
Q

Step 5 in the light: Depolarization _______ voltage-gated calcium channels, neurotransmitter is _______

A

opens, released

31
Q

What is light adapatation?

A

Moving from darkness to bright light - the sensitivity of the retina is still “set” for dim light

32
Q

What is dark adaptation?

A

Opposite of light adaptation: Cones stop functioning in low-intensity light

The bright light bleached our rod pigments and the rods are still turned off

33
Q

Order of visual pathways:

A

Optic nerve, crosses in optic chiasma, optic tract, thalamus, primary visual cortex (occipital), association areas, midbrain (eye control) and hypothalamus (circadian rhythm: sleep-wake cycle)

Exam 2 (11 decks)

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