Eye conditions

Question 1

What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK?

Answer 1

Age related macular degeneration

Question 2

What is the most common cause of blindness 35-65yo?

Answer 2

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 3

What are the types of macular degeneration?

Answer 3

Dry= 90% cases
Wet= worse prognosis, presents more acutely

Question 4

What s the presentation of macular degeneration?

Answer 4

Gradual central visual field loss
Crooked or wavy appearance to straight lines
Reduced visual acuity

Question 5

What investigations are done for macular degeneration?

Answer 5

Fundoscopy= scotoma, drusen
Amsler grid test
Fluorescein angiography
Ocular coherence tomography

Question 6

What is the management of dry macular degeneration?

Answer 6

Smoking cessation

BP control

Question 7

What is the management of wet macular degeneration?

Answer 7

Intravitreal anti VEGF injections

Question 8

What are cataracts?

Answer 8

Lens of eye becomes cloudy and opaque, reducing visual acuity

Question 9

What is the presentation of cataracts?

Answer 9

Usually asymmetrical
Slow and progressive reduction and blurring of vision
Starbursts around lights, esp at night
Loss of red reflex

Question 10

What is the management of cataracts?

Answer 10

Monitor

Artificial lens

Question 11

Where is the central retinal artery located?

Answer 11

Inferior to optic disc

Question 12

What is the cause of central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 12

Usually atherosclerosis

Giant ell arteritis

Question 13

What is the presentation of central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 13

Sudden painless loss of vision

Relative afferent pupillary defect

Question 14

What is seen on fundoscopy with central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 14

Pale retina with cherry red spot

Question 15

What are the types of retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 15

Central= affects whole retina 
Branch= single part affected

Question 16

What is the presentation of retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 16

Sudden painless loss of vision

Question 17

What is seen on fundoscopy with retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 17

Macular oedema

Retinal haemorrhage

Question 18

What is the management of retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 18

Laser photocoagulopathy
Intravitreal steroids
Anti VEGF

Question 19

What are the types of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 19

Non proliferative= micro aneurysms
Proliferative= neovascularisation
MAculopathy= macular oedema and ischaemic maculopathy

Question 20

What is seen on fundoscopy with diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 20

Cotton wool spots
Blot haemorrhages. micro aneurysms and venous bleeding
New blood vessels

Question 21

What is the management of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 21

Glycaemic and BP control
Laser photocoagulation
Anti VEGF
Severe= vitreoretinal surgery

Question 22

What is mydriasis?

Answer 22

Dilated pupil

Question 23

What causes mydriasis?

Answer 23

Third nerve palsy 
Raised ICP 
Trauma 
Stimulants e.g. coke 
Anticholinergics

Question 24

What is miosis?

Answer 24

Constricted pupil

Question 25

What causes miosis?

Answer 25

Horner's syndrome
Argyll Robertson pupils (neurosyphilis) 
Opiates
Nicotine 
Pilocarpine

Question 26

What us the presentation of Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 26

Triad of ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis

Question 27

What are the types of third nerve palsy?

Answer 27

Pupil sparing= microvascular cause

Full palsy

Question 28

What causes a pupil sparing third nerve palsy?

Answer 28

DM
Hypertension
Ischaemia

Question 29

What causes a full third nerve palsy?

Answer 29

Tumour 
Trauma 
Cavernous sinus thrombosis 
Raised ICP 
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

Question 30

What is the presentation of a third nerve palsy?

Answer 30

Ptosis
Dilated non reactive pupil
Down and out eye