Eye conditions Flashcards
What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK?
Age related macular degeneration
What is the most common cause of blindness 35-65yo?
Diabetic retinopathy
What are the types of macular degeneration?
Dry= 90% cases Wet= worse prognosis, presents more acutely
What s the presentation of macular degeneration?
Gradual central visual field loss
Crooked or wavy appearance to straight lines
Reduced visual acuity
What investigations are done for macular degeneration?
Fundoscopy= scotoma, drusen
Amsler grid test
Fluorescein angiography
Ocular coherence tomography
What is the management of dry macular degeneration?
Smoking cessation
BP control
What is the management of wet macular degeneration?
Intravitreal anti VEGF injections
What are cataracts?
Lens of eye becomes cloudy and opaque, reducing visual acuity
What is the presentation of cataracts?
Usually asymmetrical
Slow and progressive reduction and blurring of vision
Starbursts around lights, esp at night
Loss of red reflex
What is the management of cataracts?
Monitor
Artificial lens
Where is the central retinal artery located?
Inferior to optic disc
What is the cause of central retinal artery occlusion?
Usually atherosclerosis
Giant ell arteritis
What is the presentation of central retinal artery occlusion?
Sudden painless loss of vision
Relative afferent pupillary defect
What is seen on fundoscopy with central retinal artery occlusion?
Pale retina with cherry red spot
What are the types of retinal vein occlusion?
Central= affects whole retina Branch= single part affected
What is the presentation of retinal vein occlusion?
Sudden painless loss of vision
What is seen on fundoscopy with retinal vein occlusion?
Macular oedema
Retinal haemorrhage
What is the management of retinal vein occlusion?
Laser photocoagulopathy
Intravitreal steroids
Anti VEGF
What are the types of diabetic retinopathy?
Non proliferative= micro aneurysms
Proliferative= neovascularisation
MAculopathy= macular oedema and ischaemic maculopathy
What is seen on fundoscopy with diabetic retinopathy?
Cotton wool spots
Blot haemorrhages. micro aneurysms and venous bleeding
New blood vessels
What is the management of diabetic retinopathy?
Glycaemic and BP control
Laser photocoagulation
Anti VEGF
Severe= vitreoretinal surgery
What is mydriasis?
Dilated pupil
What causes mydriasis?
Third nerve palsy Raised ICP Trauma Stimulants e.g. coke Anticholinergics
What is miosis?
Constricted pupil
What causes miosis?
Horner's syndrome Argyll Robertson pupils (neurosyphilis) Opiates Nicotine Pilocarpine
What us the presentation of Horner’s syndrome?
Triad of ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis
What are the types of third nerve palsy?
Pupil sparing= microvascular cause
Full palsy
What causes a pupil sparing third nerve palsy?
DM
Hypertension
Ischaemia
What causes a full third nerve palsy?
Tumour Trauma Cavernous sinus thrombosis Raised ICP Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
What is the presentation of a third nerve palsy?
Ptosis
Dilated non reactive pupil
Down and out eye
