Extras: Study Sheets

Question 1

other names for cingulate and uncal herniations

Answer 1

cingulate = subfalcine
uncal = transtentorial

Question 2

major sign of transtentorial herniation

Answer 2

CN3 compression -> dilated pupil, eye down and out, ptosis

Question 3

Kernohan’s notch phenomenon (from transtentorial herniation)

Answer 3

ipsilateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia

Question 4

what perinatal brain injury causes chalky yellow plaques in the brain?

Answer 4

periventricular leukomalacia

Question 5

aggregates found in diffuse axonal injury (DAI) vs CTE

Answer 5

DAI: a-synuclein
CTE: Tau

Question 6

two things associated with holoprosencephay

Answer 6

Trisomy 13, decreased SHH signaling

Question 7

CT of pt with agenesis of corpus callosum

Answer 7

bat wing lateral ventricles

Question 8

presentation of dandy walker dz

Answer 8

hydrocephaly & progressive skull enlargement, slow motor development

Question 9

sx of Syringomyelia

Answer 9

UE loss of pain + temp

Question 10

most important cellular indicator of CNS injury

Answer 10

gliosis (hypertrophy & hyperplasia of astrocytes)

Question 11

ACA vs MCA stroke sx

Answer 11

1. ACA: weakness, leg hemiplegia, alien hand syndrome

2. MCA: hemineglect, face & arm hemiplegia, hemianopia, aphasia

Question 12

MCA stroke causes gaze preference…

Answer 12

towards lesion

Question 13

sx of vascular dementia

Answer 13

1. pseudobulbar signs (inappropriate emotions)
2. dementia
3. gait abnormalities

Question 14

vascular dementia brain change

Answer 14

multiple bilateral grey and white matter infarcts

Question 15

CAA: cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Answer 15

amyloid deposited around vessels -> lobar hemorrhage/microbleeds (a type of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease)

Question 16

MC cause of SAH

Answer 16

saccular aneurysm rupture

Question 17

meningitis in neonate vs unvaxxed baby

Answer 17

1. neonate: E.coli, group B strep

2. unvaxed bb: HIB

Question 18

four things that cause chronic meningitis

Answer 18

1. TB
2. lyme disease
3. neurosyphilis
4. cryptococcus neoformans

Question 19

sx of neurosyphilis

Answer 19

communicating hydrocephalus, delusions, dementia, tabes dorsalis (impaired joint sense, joint pain, lightening pain, decreaed DTRs)

Question 20

what condition causes “soap bubble” brain

Answer 20

cryptococcus neoformans

Question 21

brain changes in HSV-1 encephalitis

Answer 21

necrotizing and hemorrhagic temporal lobes

Question 22

inclusions in HSV1 encephalitis

Answer 22

cowdry body intranuclear inclusions

Question 23

CMV in fetuses vs immunocompromised adults

Answer 23

fetus: micrcephaly
adults: subacute encephalitis

Question 24

inclusions in rabies

Answer 24

Negri bodies

Question 25

sx of SSPE

Answer 25

kids: cognitive decline, limb spasticity, SZRs

Question 26

if you see free tachyzoites and encysted brachyzoites on CT what u lookin at

Answer 26

toxoplasmosis gondii

Question 27

what kind of infection does acanthamoeba cause?

Answer 27

chronic granulomatous meningoencephalitis

Question 28

orbital inflammatory pseudotumor

Answer 28

fat and tendons replaced by fibrosis

Question 29

histo of sebaceous carcinoma

Answer 29

pagetoid spread, stains with oil red O stain

Question 30

what does conjunctival scarring cause?

Answer 30

dry eye (due to decreased goblet cells)

Question 31

cause of pinguecula and pterygium

Answer 31

actinic sun damage

Question 32

anterior vs posterior segment uveitis causes

Answer 32

1. anterior: juvenile RA | 2. posterior: pneumocystis, sarcoid, auto-immune

Question 33

mutations in uveal melanoma

Answer 33

GNAQ, GNA11

Question 34

hallmark of FUch's dystrophy

Answer 34

anvil-shaped bumps on descemet's membrane

Question 35

what condition causes "oil droplet keratopathy"

Answer 35

actinic band keratopathy

Question 36

four conditions associated with developing keratoconus

Answer 36

Down syndrome, Marfans, atopic dz, juv glaucoma

Question 37

primary vs secondary closed angle glaucoma

Answer 37

primary: pupil block / iris bombe -> increases fluid secondary: membrane forms over iris (from VEGF from another source)

Question 38

what does retinal detachment entail

Answer 38

separation of neurosensory retina + RPE

Question 39

three signs of malignant HTN on fundoscope

Answer 39

1. macular star (firework) 2. elsching spots (choroid infarcts) 3. cotton wool spots

Question 40

wet vs dry AMD

Answer 40

wet: choroid neovascularization dry: atrophic (no neovasc)

Question 41

tx for wet AMD

Answer 41

VEGF antagonist injections

Question 42

chromosome for RB

Answer 42

chr 13Q14

Question 43

two signs of RB on histo

Answer 43

flexner-wintersteiner rosettes, fleurettes of rods and cones