extraneous variable

Question 1

participant variables

Answer 1

• personal characteristics that individuals participants bring to an experiemtent

Question 2

controlling for particpants variables

Answer 2

• obtain a sufficiently large number of participants and use random sampling
• use appropriate experimental design, usually within subject design

Question 3

situational variables

Answer 3

• includes physical features of the immediate environment( lighting conditions background noise, time of day, temp)

Question 4

order effects

Answer 4

• when the performance on the DV is influenced by the specific order in which the experimental tasks are presented rather than the IV
• two types: practice effects, and carryover effects
  practice effect (influence on performance that arises from repeating or prior experience with the ask)
  carryover effect ( influences that a particular tasks has on a performance that follows it, the effect of it)

Question 5

control situational variables

Answer 5

• hold variables constant for the whole experiment
• all groups must be tested the same way and situation
• try to eliminate or minimise situation variable when you start the experiment
• testing participants in a random order than test all participants conditions first then all the other with the other condition( Kown as randomisation)

Question 6

counterbalancing

Answer 6

• involves systematically changing the order of treatments or task of participants in a balanced way to reduce or avoid the unwanted effects on performance of any one order

Question 7

demand characteristics

Answer 7

Environmental cues that encourage participants to conform to researchers’ expectations.

Question 8

control demand characteristics

Answer 8

• withholding information that may reduce the likelihood of participants working out the purpose of the experiment or how the experimenter may be expecting them to perform
• through deception, experimenter deliberately conceals the purpose of the experiment from participants by misleading or misinforming them
• blind procedure

Question 9

single blind procedure

Answer 9

• keep participants unaware of the experimental condition they are in

Question 10

double blind procedure

Answer 10

• when both the participants and experimenter interacting with them is unaware of the conditions to which the participants have been allocated.
• eliminate possible experimenter cues

Question 11

experimenter effects

Answer 11

• influence the experimenter may have on the results of their investigation, may be interaction wtih participants or unintentional errors when making observations or recording

Question 12

experimetner expectancy

Answer 12

• cues the experimenter provides about the responses participants should make in the experiment
• non verbal communication
  obtains results that they expect to obtain, not simply because they correctly anticipated a response, but rather because they helped to shape the response through their expectations.

Question 13

contrl experimenter effects

Answer 13

• double blind experiment would ensure that both the participants and experimenter interacting with them are unaware of the particular experimental conditions to which particular experiment conditions they have been allocated
• triple blind ( participants, experimenters and research assistants are unaware of the experiment)

Question 14

placebo effect

Answer 14

change in a participant’s behaviour due to their belief that they are receiving some kind of experimental treatment and they respond in accordance with that belief

Question 15

control placebo effect

Answer 15

• the control group participants should form the same expectation as experimental group, thereby controlling the effects of this unwanted variable