extra khan topics Flashcards
social exclusion
isolating those in poverty or with ill health from rest of society; results in denying individuals from beneficial resources; external forces push them to fringes of society
social isolation
a community may voluntarily separate themselves out from society; ex. the Amish
segregation
separate but equal policy, but generally not at all equal
false consciousness
working class don’t see how bad they are being oppressed; can be promoted by the owners to keep workers from fighting back
class consciousness
lower class realizes that together they have solidarity against the upper class/owners of companies; they must struggle to overcome this oppression to obtain the means of production and take over ownership
primary appraisal
initial evaluation of threat; either respond that threat is irrelevant, benign (positive response), or harmful/threatening
secondary appraisal
if stressor perceived as threatening, evaluate ability to cope with stressor; determine what damage has already been caused, what future could be caused, and can you effectively respond
categories of stressors
significant life changes, catastrophic events, daily hassles, and ambient stressors (global, not individual)- ex. pollution, can negatively affect us without consciously realizing it
sympathetic response
increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate to release waste, vasoconstriction of periphery to shunt blood more to brain and core, adrenal medulla: NE and E, adrenal cortex: GCs, pupils dilate
thalamus
sensory relay station, directs the senses to the appropriate area of the cortex (all except smell- bypasses thalamus)
amygdala
aggression center; can stimulate anger/violence or fear/anxiety; lessioned amygdala can result in disinhibited behavior, don’t consider risks so act reckless
hippocampus
stores short term memories into long term; if damage, can’t form new long term memories but can usually still remember old ones
left hemisphere
positive emotions
right hemisphere
negative emotions
parasympathetic nervous system
pupils constrict, increased salivation, decreased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, increased glucose storage, increased digestion; overall, works to conserve energy
three components of emotions
cognitive (mental assessments/expectations of environment), physiological (arousal, increased skin temp), behavioral
univeral emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust; have consistent facial expressions across culture; Darwin said ability to recognize these emotions is innate
james-lange theory of emotion
event–physiological response–label/interpret physio response–elicit emotion
you are sad because you cry
cannon bard
event—physio response and emotion simultaneously–behavioral response
schacter-singer
event–physio response–cognitive appraisal of response–emotion
lazarus theory
event–appraisal/label–emotion and physiological response
how we label the event is dependent on past experiences
sensory adaption
change in sensitivity to a stimulus that you are repeatedly exposed to
proprioception
knowing where you are in space, position; sense of balance
Just Noticeable Difference
threshold at which you are able to notice a difference between two amounts of a certain stimuli (ex. noticing a difference in weights), increases as magnitude of weight increases
Weber’s law
change in intensity/initial intensity= K (constant) harder to detect difference in really loud room compared to really quiet room because intensity is greater; as background intensity gets bigger, difference threshold increases
absolute threshold of sensation
minimum intensity of a stimulus that is needed to detect it 50% of the time; what is lowest level of sound or light that person can reliably sense; can be influenced by expectation for exposure to that stimulus
somatosensation
collective term for sensations of touch, temperature, body position, and pain; coded by frequency of specific neurons firing
mechanoception
tells info about pressure
thermoception
tells info about temperature
nociception
pain
vestibular system
important for balance and spatial orientation; comes from receptors in inner ear, when you rotate, endolymph in ear moves; changing orientation also causes crystals in the ear to move
Feelings of dizziness
after spinning, even if you’ve stopped moving, endolymph fluid in ear will continue to move, making you feel as if you are still moving; if you spin in opposite direction, you can cancel it out because endolymph moves in opposite direction
signal detection theory
ability to distinguish between a signal and background noise; at what point is a signal strong enough that we can detect it; decision making with UNCERTAINTY; ex. waiting at traffic light on foggy day, hard to see green light; have to decide how strong light has to be in order to notice it; an easy to distinguish signal would be easy to detect; a weak signal may result in some “false alarms” or “correct rejections”
strategies for signal detection theory in ambiguous situations
conservative: always say signal isn’t present unless 100% sure that it is present; liberal: always say it is present unless sure that it isn’t
Scenario of signal detection theory
Reading a CT scan, always some level of uncertainty; 4 options: hit-there is a tumor and you detect that there is, miss-tumor present but doctor says no, false alarm-no tumor but doctor says there is, or correct rejection-no tumor and doctor says no
bottom up processing
stimulus influences what we perceive, data-driven, use details to determine what something is
top down processing
uses background knowledge and expectations to influence perception, theory-driven to shape our cognition, use what’s already in our heads
gestalt principles
seek to explain how we perceive things
law of similarity
items that are similar to one another are grouped together by brain
law of pragnanz
reality is often organized or reduced to simplest form
law of proximity
objects close to one another are grouped together
law of continuity
lines are seen as following the smoothest path
law of closure
objects groups together are seen as a whole
