extra khan topics

Question 1

social exclusion

Answer 1

isolating those in poverty or with ill health from rest of society; results in denying individuals from beneficial resources; external forces push them to fringes of society

Question 2

social isolation

Answer 2

a community may voluntarily separate themselves out from society; ex. the Amish

Question 3

segregation

Answer 3

separate but equal policy, but generally not at all equal

Question 4

false consciousness

Answer 4

working class don’t see how bad they are being oppressed; can be promoted by the owners to keep workers from fighting back

Question 5

class consciousness

Answer 5

lower class realizes that together they have solidarity against the upper class/owners of companies; they must struggle to overcome this oppression to obtain the means of production and take over ownership

Question 6

primary appraisal

Answer 6

initial evaluation of threat; either respond that threat is irrelevant, benign (positive response), or harmful/threatening

Question 7

secondary appraisal

Answer 7

if stressor perceived as threatening, evaluate ability to cope with stressor; determine what damage has already been caused, what future could be caused, and can you effectively respond

Question 8

categories of stressors

Answer 8

significant life changes, catastrophic events, daily hassles, and ambient stressors (global, not individual)- ex. pollution, can negatively affect us without consciously realizing it

Question 9

sympathetic response

Answer 9

increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate to release waste, vasoconstriction of periphery to shunt blood more to brain and core, adrenal medulla: NE and E, adrenal cortex: GCs, pupils dilate

Question 10

thalamus

Answer 10

sensory relay station, directs the senses to the appropriate area of the cortex (all except smell- bypasses thalamus)

Question 11

amygdala

Answer 11

aggression center; can stimulate anger/violence or fear/anxiety; lessioned amygdala can result in disinhibited behavior, don’t consider risks so act reckless

Question 12

hippocampus

Answer 12

stores short term memories into long term; if damage, can’t form new long term memories but can usually still remember old ones

Question 13

left hemisphere

Answer 13

positive emotions

Question 14

right hemisphere

Answer 14

negative emotions

Question 15

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

pupils constrict, increased salivation, decreased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, increased glucose storage, increased digestion; overall, works to conserve energy

Question 16

three components of emotions

Answer 16

cognitive (mental assessments/expectations of environment), physiological (arousal, increased skin temp), behavioral

Question 17

univeral emotions

Answer 17

happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust; have consistent facial expressions across culture; Darwin said ability to recognize these emotions is innate

Question 18

james-lange theory of emotion

Answer 18

event–physiological response–label/interpret physio response–elicit emotion
you are sad because you cry

Question 19

cannon bard

Answer 19

event—physio response and emotion simultaneously–behavioral response

Question 20

schacter-singer

Answer 20

event–physio response–cognitive appraisal of response–emotion

Question 21

lazarus theory

Answer 21

event–appraisal/label–emotion and physiological response

how we label the event is dependent on past experiences

Question 22

sensory adaption

Answer 22

change in sensitivity to a stimulus that you are repeatedly exposed to

Question 23

proprioception

Answer 23

knowing where you are in space, position; sense of balance

Question 24

Just Noticeable Difference

Answer 24

threshold at which you are able to notice a difference between two amounts of a certain stimuli (ex. noticing a difference in weights), increases as magnitude of weight increases

Question 25

Weber’s law

Answer 25

change in intensity/initial intensity= K (constant) harder to detect difference in really loud room compared to really quiet room because intensity is greater; as background intensity gets bigger, difference threshold increases

Question 26

absolute threshold of sensation

Answer 26

minimum intensity of a stimulus that is needed to detect it 50% of the time; what is lowest level of sound or light that person can reliably sense; can be influenced by expectation for exposure to that stimulus

Question 27

somatosensation

Answer 27

collective term for sensations of touch, temperature, body position, and pain; coded by frequency of specific neurons firing

Question 28

mechanoception

Answer 28

tells info about pressure

Question 29

thermoception

Answer 29

tells info about temperature

Question 30

nociception

Answer 30

pain

Question 31

vestibular system

Answer 31

important for balance and spatial orientation; comes from receptors in inner ear, when you rotate, endolymph in ear moves; changing orientation also causes crystals in the ear to move

Question 32

Feelings of dizziness

Answer 32

after spinning, even if you’ve stopped moving, endolymph fluid in ear will continue to move, making you feel as if you are still moving; if you spin in opposite direction, you can cancel it out because endolymph moves in opposite direction

Question 33

signal detection theory

Answer 33

ability to distinguish between a signal and background noise; at what point is a signal strong enough that we can detect it; decision making with UNCERTAINTY; ex. waiting at traffic light on foggy day, hard to see green light; have to decide how strong light has to be in order to notice it; an easy to distinguish signal would be easy to detect; a weak signal may result in some “false alarms” or “correct rejections”

Question 34

strategies for signal detection theory in ambiguous situations

Answer 34

conservative: always say signal isn’t present unless 100% sure that it is present; liberal: always say it is present unless sure that it isn’t

Question 35

Scenario of signal detection theory

Answer 35

Reading a CT scan, always some level of uncertainty; 4 options: hit-there is a tumor and you detect that there is, miss-tumor present but doctor says no, false alarm-no tumor but doctor says there is, or correct rejection-no tumor and doctor says no

Question 36

bottom up processing

Answer 36

stimulus influences what we perceive, data-driven, use details to determine what something is

Question 37

top down processing

Answer 37

uses background knowledge and expectations to influence perception, theory-driven to shape our cognition, use what’s already in our heads

Question 38

gestalt principles

Answer 38

seek to explain how we perceive things

Question 39

law of similarity

Answer 39

items that are similar to one another are grouped together by brain

Question 40

law of pragnanz

Answer 40

reality is often organized or reduced to simplest form

Question 41

law of proximity

Answer 41

objects close to one another are grouped together

Question 42

law of continuity

Answer 42

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

Question 43

law of closure

Answer 43

objects groups together are seen as a whole