chapter 9: social interaction

Question 1

ascribed status

Answer 1

one that you are born into; race, ethnicity, gender and family

Question 2

achieved status

Answer 2

status that is gained as result of one’s efforts or choices

Question 3

master status

Answer 3

status by which one is most identified, affects all aspects of the person’s life

Question 4

roles

Answer 4

set of beliefs, attitudes, norms expected of particular status; role performance-carrying out role-specific behaviors; role conflict-difficulty in meeting expectations of multiple contrasting roles; role strain-difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

Question 5

reference groups

Answer 5

groups that establish the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves; to determine how good of an applicant you are, compare to all med school applicants

Question 6

primary groups

Answer 6

direct interactions, close bonds providing intimate relationships to members, last a long time, may include close friends or family

Question 7

secondary groups

Answer 7

superficial interactions, few emotional bonds, last short period of time, form and dissolve without any special significance

Question 8

Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft

Answer 8

community and society; groups are unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry or geography, and groups are formed because of mutual self-interests

Question 9

network

Answer 9

observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups; determined by mapping the interactions between individual units; immediate networks: dense with strong ties (friends); distant networks: looser, weaker ties (acquaintances)

Question 10

formal organization

Answer 10

set up to achieve specific goal; continue despite departure of a member, have expressed goals, hierarchical allotment of roles, enforcement procedures

Question 11

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 11

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by elite group

Question 12

McDonaldization

Answer 12

shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies

Question 13

basic model of emotional expression

Answer 13

established by Darwin; involves facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes; similar across cultures

Question 14

appraisal model

Answer 14

biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but there is a cognitive antecedent that may differ

Question 15

social construction model

Answer 15

no biological basis to emotions; emotions based on experiences and situational context, certain emotions only exist in certain contexts and emotions expressed differently across cultures

Question 16

display rules

Answer 16

cultural expectations of emotions, govern which emotions can be expressed and to what degree

Question 17

cultural syndrome

Answer 17

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms among members of same culture that are organized around a central theme; influences the rules for expressing/suppressing emotions

Question 18

impression management

Answer 18

self-presentation; attempts to influence how others perceive us through controlling info in social interactions; three selves: authentic self, ideal self, tactical self (who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations)

Question 19

dramaturgical approach

Answer 19

metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how individuals display themselves in different situations; status is role in performance, role is the script; front stage: performs to conform to image they want others to see; back stage: actor not observed by audience, more indicative of real self