extra khan 2

Question 1

photoreceptors

Answer 1

includes rods and cones; takes physical stimulus (light) and converts to neural impulse

Question 2

phototransduction cascade

Answer 2

rod is normally in “on” state but when light hits it turns off, allowing bipolar cells to fire; light causes retinal in rhodopsin to change confirmation to all trans retinal, causes Na channels to close and hyperpolarizes the cell

Question 3

visual field processing

Answer 3

have nasal and temporal optic nerves; nasal nerves cross at the optic chiasm but temporal nerves don’t cross; all info from right visual field ends up in left optic tract!! bc right field goes to left temporal, which doesn’t cross at chiasm

Question 4

Feature detection

Answer 4

ability to distinguish color (have red, green, and blue cones), form, and motion

Question 5

trichromatic theory of vision

Answer 5

have red, green, and blue cones; when stimulated, leads to color detection

Question 6

Parvo pathway

Answer 6

good at spatial resolution, figuring out boundaries of object and details that make up object and allows to see in color; has poor temporal resolution- bad at tracking motion

Question 7

Magno pathway

Answer 7

specialized cells allow us to encode motion, high temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution

Question 8

parallel processing

Answer 8

ability to detect color, form, and motion all at the same time

Question 9

sensory adaption

Answer 9

change over time in response of sensory receptor of constant stimulus, downregulation of sensory receptors, because no new info needs to be sent to brain

Question 10

amplification

Answer 10

upregulation of response to a stimulus; ex. light can cause a cell to fire which causes two cells to fire..etc.

Question 11

proprioception

Answer 11

ability to sense where our body is in space, sense of position and balance; more subconscious-not actively thinking about it

Question 12

kinesthesia

Answer 12

sense of body movement, more behavioral-able to teach yourself how you can better do a motion

Question 13

A-beta fibers

Answer 13

myelinated, large diameter fibers- allows signal to travel quickly; carries info on touch; quick response to remove hand from hot stove

Question 14

A-delta fibers

Answer 14

medium sized fibers, little bit less myelin; quick sensation of pain

Question 15

C fibers

Answer 15

unmyelinated, small diameter; takes longer for signal to reach brain; lingering sense of pain/chronic pain

Question 16

pain and temperature

Answer 16

both activate the TrpV1 receptor on skin which leads to similar activation pathway

Question 17

hair cell

Answer 17

specialized receptor found within the cochlea that is receptive to sound waves; flowing of calcium and potassium into cell causes to fire; located within Organ of Corti inside cochlea

Question 18

pathway of sound through ear

Answer 18

sound funneled by pinna into auditory cannal-hit tympanic membrane (ear drum starts vibrating)-malleus-incus-stapes-elliptical/oval window-fluid in cochlea moves through spiral, then back & causes round window to move; hair cells pushed back and forth in fluid and fire

Question 19

organ of corti

Answer 19

composed of basilar membrane and tectorial membrane; located in cochlea

Question 20

cochlea

Answer 20

spiral structure in inner ear; organ of corti is membrane separating two directions of moving fluid and contains hair cells

Question 21

primary auditory cortex

Answer 21

receives all sound info from cochlea, sensitive to sounds of various frequencies; different parts of cortex receive info from particular hair cells sensitive to certain frequency

Question 22

basilar tuning

Answer 22

allows to differentiate between sounds of different frequencies

Question 23

cochlear implants

Answer 23

used for patients with sensorineural hearing loss, “nerve deafness”, where there is a problem with conduction of signal

Question 24

pheromones

Answer 24

chemical signal released by one member of species, which causes another member of species to have an innate response, such as mating or fighting; specialized olfactory cues

Question 25

olfaction

Answer 25

sense of smell; also has role in way we taste things

Question 26

olfactory epithelium

Answer 26

nasal passage that contains projections that olfactory chemicals bind to

Question 27

olfactory bulb

Answer 27

when olfactory chemicals bind receptors in epithelium, axons project into olfactory bulb, which then sends signal to brain; cribiform plate located between epithelium and bulb

Question 28

olfactory pathway

Answer 28

odor particle- binds GPCR receptor in olfactory epithelium–project to glomeruli in olfactory bulb–primary olfactory cortex

Question 29

5 tastes

Answer 29

bitter, salty, sweet, sour, and unami (glutamate); each taste bud contains all of the different taste cells so it can detect all 5 tastes; can taste all 5 in any part on tongue

Question 30

three types of tastebuds

Answer 30

fungiform (in front of tongue), foliate (side of tongue), and cicumvallate (in back of tongue)

Question 31

gustatory cortex

Label lines model-each taste cell type has particular place in cortex to project

Answer 31

receives taste info from taste cells; each of the 5 types of taste send info to a specific part (ex. all of salty cells synapse in one part of cortex)