chapter 8: social processes, attitudes, behavior Flashcards
Michelangelo phenomenon
concept of self is made up of intrapersonal and interpersonal self
Social facilitation
we perform better in presence of others on simple tasks
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
presence of others increases arousal which enhances performances on tasks we are good at (simple tasks) while hindering performance of less familiar (complex) tasks
Deindividuation
in large group settings, individual loses sense of identity and becomes anonymous part of group, becomes more likely to behave in way inconsistent with normal self
bystander effect
individuals dont intervene to help victims when many others are present; more people, less likely to intervene
social loafing
tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in a group
identity shift effect
when one’s sense of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection, individual will often conform to norms of group but then experiences internal conflict which is resolved by adopting group standards as one’s own
cognitive dissonance
simultaneous presence of two opposing opinions, leads to internal state of discomfort, which is reduced by eliminating or changing one opinion
Asch’s conformity experiment
individuals often conform to group opinion; when confederates responded incorrectly to line test, real participants sometimes went along with wrong answer; normative conformity: desire to fit into group because of fear of rejection
Group Polarization
tendency for group to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas of members, leads to riskier or more cautious decisions based on initial tendency of members, discussion among group leads to elect extreme opinions
Groupthink
desire for harmony/conformity results in group coming to poor decision in attempt to minimize conflict, individual critical thinking is ignored
mass hysteria
shared, intense concern about the threats to society; features of groupthink lead to shared delusion (Salem witch trials)
cultural assimilation
melting pot of various cultures into one cultures; generally not even blend; more powerful cultures dominate
multiculturalism
celebrating of coexisting cultures; a cultural mosaic, not blend
primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we learn acceptable actions and attitudes in society
secondary socialization
learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of larger society, learn rules of specific social environments
resocialization
discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
mores
widely observed social norms; not laws; penalties for misconduct are sanctions
taboo
socially unacceptable, disgusting, reprehensible
folkways
the way we do things; norms referring to behaviors that are considered polite and proper
deviance
any violation of norms/expectations of society; can be positive or negative
labeling theory
Labels that are given to individuals affect how others respond to that person as well as person’s self image; we then respond to labels by either embracing that behavior or trying to change
differential association theory
deviance can be learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior
strain theory
deviance is natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure; deviant behavior may emerge as attempt to achieve a social goal the is not able to be reached as resulting of constricting social structure; ex. committing theft to achieve american dream
conformity/majority influence
matching one’s attitudes, behaviors, beliefs to societal norms
Internalization
changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with ideas of group
Identification
outward acceptance of others’ ideas while not personally believing those ideas
Zimbardo’s prison experiment
looked at internalization; guards and prisoners internalized their roles
compliance
change in behavior based on direct request
foot in door technique
small initial request and after get compliance make larger request
door in the face
large request made first and if refused then make smaller request, that was actual goal of requester
lowball technique
requester gets initial commitment from individual and then raises cost of commitment
that’s not all technique
individual makes an offer but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than they expected
Milgram obedience study
changing one’s behavior in response to authority; told that they were randomly assigned to teacher or learner but learner was actually an actor; told that they had to give shock to learner at increasing voltage when wrong answer
social cognition
ways people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
functional attitudes theory
attitudes serve four functions: knowledge (help organize thoughts and behaviors, ego expression (allow us to communicate/solidify our self identity, adaption (one will be accepted if express socially acceptable attitudes, and ego defense (if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong)
learning theory
attitudes are developed through different forms of learning; direct contact with an object, direct instruction from others, attitudes of others, or through conditioning
elaboration likelihood model
continuum based on processing of persuasive information; one extreme=those who elaborate extensively, use central route processing (scrutinize meaning and purpose); other extreme=those who do not elaborate and focus on superficial details-peripheral route processing (focus on person delivering argument, credibility, surface features)
social cognitive theory
people learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others; behavior develops through direct observation and replication of actions of others, while also influenced by personal and environmental factors
Bandura’s Triadic reciprocal causation
three factors: behavioral factors, personal factors, and environmental factors influence each other on attitudes and behaviors
