chapter 8: social processes, attitudes, behavior

Question 1

Michelangelo phenomenon

Answer 1

concept of self is made up of intrapersonal and interpersonal self

Question 2

Social facilitation

Answer 2

we perform better in presence of others on simple tasks

Question 3

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Answer 3

presence of others increases arousal which enhances performances on tasks we are good at (simple tasks) while hindering performance of less familiar (complex) tasks

Question 4

Deindividuation

Answer 4

in large group settings, individual loses sense of identity and becomes anonymous part of group, becomes more likely to behave in way inconsistent with normal self

Question 5

bystander effect

Answer 5

individuals dont intervene to help victims when many others are present; more people, less likely to intervene

Question 6

social loafing

Answer 6

tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in a group

Question 7

identity shift effect

Answer 7

when one’s sense of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection, individual will often conform to norms of group but then experiences internal conflict which is resolved by adopting group standards as one’s own

Question 8

cognitive dissonance

Answer 8

simultaneous presence of two opposing opinions, leads to internal state of discomfort, which is reduced by eliminating or changing one opinion

Question 9

Asch’s conformity experiment

Answer 9

individuals often conform to group opinion; when confederates responded incorrectly to line test, real participants sometimes went along with wrong answer; normative conformity: desire to fit into group because of fear of rejection

Question 10

Group Polarization

Answer 10

tendency for group to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas of members, leads to riskier or more cautious decisions based on initial tendency of members, discussion among group leads to elect extreme opinions

Question 11

Groupthink

Answer 11

desire for harmony/conformity results in group coming to poor decision in attempt to minimize conflict, individual critical thinking is ignored

Question 12

mass hysteria

Answer 12

shared, intense concern about the threats to society; features of groupthink lead to shared delusion (Salem witch trials)

Question 13

cultural assimilation

Answer 13

melting pot of various cultures into one cultures; generally not even blend; more powerful cultures dominate

Question 14

multiculturalism

Answer 14

celebrating of coexisting cultures; a cultural mosaic, not blend

Question 15

primary socialization

Answer 15

occurs during childhood when we learn acceptable actions and attitudes in society

Question 16

secondary socialization

Answer 16

learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of larger society, learn rules of specific social environments

Question 17

resocialization

Answer 17

discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change

Question 18

mores

Answer 18

widely observed social norms; not laws; penalties for misconduct are sanctions

Question 19

taboo

Answer 19

socially unacceptable, disgusting, reprehensible

Question 20

folkways

Answer 20

the way we do things; norms referring to behaviors that are considered polite and proper

Question 21

deviance

Answer 21

any violation of norms/expectations of society; can be positive or negative

Question 22

labeling theory

Answer 22

Labels that are given to individuals affect how others respond to that person as well as person’s self image; we then respond to labels by either embracing that behavior or trying to change

Question 23

differential association theory

Answer 23

deviance can be learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior

Question 24

strain theory

Answer 24

deviance is natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure; deviant behavior may emerge as attempt to achieve a social goal the is not able to be reached as resulting of constricting social structure; ex. committing theft to achieve american dream

Question 25

conformity/majority influence

Answer 25

matching one’s attitudes, behaviors, beliefs to societal norms

Question 26

Internalization

Answer 26

changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with ideas of group

Question 27

Identification

Answer 27

outward acceptance of others’ ideas while not personally believing those ideas

Question 28

Zimbardo’s prison experiment

Answer 28

looked at internalization; guards and prisoners internalized their roles

Question 29

compliance

Answer 29

change in behavior based on direct request

Question 30

foot in door technique

Answer 30

small initial request and after get compliance make larger request

Question 31

door in the face

Answer 31

large request made first and if refused then make smaller request, that was actual goal of requester

Question 32

lowball technique

Answer 32

requester gets initial commitment from individual and then raises cost of commitment

Question 33

that’s not all technique

Answer 33

individual makes an offer but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than they expected

Question 34

Milgram obedience study

Answer 34

changing one’s behavior in response to authority; told that they were randomly assigned to teacher or learner but learner was actually an actor; told that they had to give shock to learner at increasing voltage when wrong answer

Question 35

social cognition

Answer 35

ways people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

Question 36

functional attitudes theory

Answer 36

attitudes serve four functions: knowledge (help organize thoughts and behaviors, ego expression (allow us to communicate/solidify our self identity, adaption (one will be accepted if express socially acceptable attitudes, and ego defense (if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong)

Question 37

learning theory

Answer 37

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning; direct contact with an object, direct instruction from others, attitudes of others, or through conditioning

Question 38

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 38

continuum based on processing of persuasive information; one extreme=those who elaborate extensively, use central route processing (scrutinize meaning and purpose); other extreme=those who do not elaborate and focus on superficial details-peripheral route processing (focus on person delivering argument, credibility, surface features)

Question 39

social cognitive theory

Answer 39

people learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others; behavior develops through direct observation and replication of actions of others, while also influenced by personal and environmental factors

Question 40

Bandura’s Triadic reciprocal causation

Answer 40

three factors: behavioral factors, personal factors, and environmental factors influence each other on attitudes and behaviors