Chapter 5: emotion & stress Flashcards
motivation
driving force behind our actions
extrinsic motivation
driven by external forces, such as rewards for a certain behavior or punishment for not achieving certain behavior
intrinsic motivation
driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment
instinct theory
people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
arousal theory
people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal, seeking to increase arousal if it falls below optimal and decrease if above optimal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
U-shaped function between level of arousal and performance; performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal
Primary drives
motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis; need for food, water, warmth
Secondary drives
not directly related to biological processes; stem from learning, ex. drive to go to medical school
also includes desire for nurturing, love, achievement, and aggression
Drive reduction theory
motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable state; a negative internal environment drives motivation to seek homeostasis and reduce negative state
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
once one need is met, the rest will be satisfied according to priority; lowest level of pyramid is highest priority; 5 levels of needs
self-determination theory
emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy (need to be in control of actions), competence (the need to excel), and relatedness (the need to feel accepted and wanted). must meet these needs for healthy relationships with others and yourself
4 major factors that influence motivation
instincts, arousal, drives, and needs
incentive theory
behavior is motivated by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
Expectancy-value theory
amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of the individual’s expectations of success and degree they value succeeding at the goal
Opponent-Process Theory
the body will adapt to counteract repeated exposure to stimuli, such as ramping up sympathetic nervous system in response to a depressant (theory can describe drug use), body combats effects of drugs by changing its own physiology, also explains drug tolerance; body works in OPPOSITION to the action of drug to return to homeostasis
3 elements of an emotion
physiological response (arousal-increased heart rate..), behavioral response (facial expressions and body language), and cognitive response (interpretation of emotion being experienced)
Universal emotions
can be affected greatly by culture- differences in emotional experience itself and the perception of that emotion by others in society
James-Lange Theory
a stimulus first results in physiological arousal, which leads to second response of an emotion; “I must be angry because my skin is hot and blood pressure is high”
1. Physiological arousal
2. Label physiological response
Requires feedback from peripheral organs to process emotion
Think: Lange-labeling of arousal
Cannon-Bard theory
arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence; “ I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing, so I should get out of here”; respond to emotion with an action
1. perception of arousing stimulus (See the stimulus)
2. cognitive experience of emotion, physiological arousal
2. action to deal with emotion
Think: Bard-both cognitive and physio at same time
Schacter-Singer Theory/ Cognitive arousal theory
both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on the environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced; “I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”; environment can effect the emotion experienced
- Experience a stimulus
- physiological arousal
- Identify reason for arousal, so can label emotion
- conscious emotion
Emotional memory
unconscious/implicit; storage of actual feelings of emotion associated with an event; controlled by the amygdala
Cognitive appraisal
subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; has two stages
Primary appraisal
initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat; if primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage two is initiated
secondary appraisal
evaluates whether the organism can cope with the stress; evaluates harm/damage caused by event, potential for future damage, and the potential to overcome/benefit from the event
