Chapter 5: emotion & stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

driving force behind our actions

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

driven by external forces, such as rewards for a certain behavior or punishment for not achieving certain behavior

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment

Question 4

instinct theory

Answer 4

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts

Question 5

arousal theory

Answer 5

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal, seeking to increase arousal if it falls below optimal and decrease if above optimal

Question 6

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 6

U-shaped function between level of arousal and performance; performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal

Question 7

Primary drives

Answer 7

motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis; need for food, water, warmth

Question 8

Secondary drives

Answer 8

not directly related to biological processes; stem from learning, ex. drive to go to medical school
also includes desire for nurturing, love, achievement, and aggression

Question 9

Drive reduction theory

Answer 9

motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable state; a negative internal environment drives motivation to seek homeostasis and reduce negative state

Question 10

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

once one need is met, the rest will be satisfied according to priority; lowest level of pyramid is highest priority; 5 levels of needs

Question 11

self-determination theory

Answer 11

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy (need to be in control of actions), competence (the need to excel), and relatedness (the need to feel accepted and wanted). must meet these needs for healthy relationships with others and yourself

Question 12

4 major factors that influence motivation

Answer 12

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

Question 13

incentive theory

Answer 13

behavior is motivated by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 14

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 14

amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of the individual’s expectations of success and degree they value succeeding at the goal

Question 15

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 15

the body will adapt to counteract repeated exposure to stimuli, such as ramping up sympathetic nervous system in response to a depressant (theory can describe drug use), body combats effects of drugs by changing its own physiology, also explains drug tolerance; body works in OPPOSITION to the action of drug to return to homeostasis

Question 16

3 elements of an emotion

Answer 16

physiological response (arousal-increased heart rate..), behavioral response (facial expressions and body language), and cognitive response (interpretation of emotion being experienced)

Question 17

Universal emotions

Answer 17

can be affected greatly by culture- differences in emotional experience itself and the perception of that emotion by others in society

Question 18

James-Lange Theory

Answer 18

a stimulus first results in physiological arousal, which leads to second response of an emotion; “I must be angry because my skin is hot and blood pressure is high”
1. Physiological arousal
2. Label physiological response
Requires feedback from peripheral organs to process emotion
Think: Lange-labeling of arousal

Question 19

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 19

arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence; “ I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing, so I should get out of here”; respond to emotion with an action
1. perception of arousing stimulus (See the stimulus)
2. cognitive experience of emotion, physiological arousal
2. action to deal with emotion
Think: Bard-both cognitive and physio at same time

Question 20

Schacter-Singer Theory/ Cognitive arousal theory

Answer 20

both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on the environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced; “I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”; environment can effect the emotion experienced

1. Experience a stimulus
2. physiological arousal
3. Identify reason for arousal, so can label emotion
4. conscious emotion

Question 21

Emotional memory

Answer 21

unconscious/implicit; storage of actual feelings of emotion associated with an event; controlled by the amygdala

Question 22

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 22

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; has two stages

Question 23

Primary appraisal

Answer 23

initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat; if primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage two is initiated

Question 24

secondary appraisal

Answer 24

evaluates whether the organism can cope with the stress; evaluates harm/damage caused by event, potential for future damage, and the potential to overcome/benefit from the event

Question 25

Distress

Answer 25

unpleasant conditions

Question 26

eustress

Answer 26

result of positive conditions; even though positive, any event requiring change to one’s lifestyle leads to stress

Question 27

General adaption syndrome

Answer 27

sequence of physiological responses to stress; first stage, alarm-activation of sympathetic nervous system and then glucocorticoid release (cortisol), then resistance stage-continuous release of hormones to keep sympathetic system engaged; last, exhaustion-body can no longer maintain elevated response-susceptible to medical conditions

Question 28

Maslow bottom level of pyramid

Answer 28

physiological needs that must be met first; includes breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

Question 29

Maslow second row of needs (up from the bottom)

Answer 29

needs concerning safety; includes security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, and property

Question 30

Maslow third level

Answer 30

needs of love/belonging; includes family, friendship, sexual intimacy

Question 31

Maslow fourth level

Answer 31

self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

Question 32

maslow top level

Answer 32

self-actualization; the need to realize one’s potential; morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of fact