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Behavioral sciences MCAT > extra khan 3 > Flashcards

extra khan 3 Flashcards

1
Q

situational approach

A

behavior is seen as influenced by external or situational factors, rather than innate; hard to predict behavior based on one situation

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2
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud- our childhood experiences and unconscious desires shape our behaviors; focuses on mental rather than observable behavior; major driving force is libido: nature energy source that fuels the mind; fixation at a particular stage predicts personality; most of our mind is the unconscious, ID

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3
Q

ego

A

involved in perceptions, thoughts and judgments; wants long-term gratification; tries to please/balance needs of superego and id

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4
Q

superego

A

moral compass, values of society

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5
Q

ID

A

wants immediate gratification

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6
Q

humanistic theory

A

individuals have free will and we can develop ourselves to reach self-actualization; people are inherently good and self-motivated to improve; think about maslov hierarchy of needs and reaching top of pyramid

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7
Q

biological theory

A

important components of personality are inherited/determined by genes; use twin studies to determine if biological or environmental factor; inherited genes lead to traits which leads to behavior

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8
Q

behavioral theory

A

personality is result of interaction between individual and environment; based on observable behavior; Skinner- operant conditioning and Pavlov-classical conditioning

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9
Q

cognitive theory

A

focuses on individual’s thoughts as the determinate of one’s emotions and behaviors; thoughts and judgements work together with environmental influences to determine personality

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10
Q

trait theory

A

interested in measurement of traits, which are stable characteristics/habitual patterns of behavior; includes cardinal, central and secondary traits

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11
Q

cardinal traits

A

characteristics that direct most of one’s activities; influence all of our behaviors, including central and secondary traits

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12
Q

central traits

A

less dominant than dominant, but still important to personality

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13
Q

secondary traits

A

preferences or ways of life that are minor (don’t affect other aspects of life)

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14
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A

openness, conscientiousness (are you careful or impulsive), extroversion, aggreeableness, neuroticism (are you stable or anxious) remember OCEAN

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15
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A

focuses on learning by observing others; four components: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation; to learn a behavior, have to pay attention to someone modeling behavior, have to remember what they did, be able to imitate it, and be motivated to repeat the behavior

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16
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

children either saw a man being aggressive towards inflatable doll and said aggressive words; many of children then repeated man’s actions and words, but some did not; then showed TV with someone shown being aggressive towards a doll, then saw man punished for actions

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17
Q

Freud’s pleasure principle

A

immediately want to fulfill our wants and needs and avoid suffering when we are young/not mature

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18
Q

Reality principle

A

you may have to wait/ undergo a delay in order to get gratification, which is more long term

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19
Q

Eros

A

Life drive, want for health and safety, sex; cooperation and collaberation

20
Q

Thanatos

A

death drive, self-disruptive/harmful to others; governed by fear and anger

21
Q

reticular activating system

A

release glutamate to areas of the cortex from the reticular formation; required for consciousness

22
Q

acetylcholine

A

released by muscle neurons as well as the autonomic nervous system

23
Q

Looking glass self

A

our view of ourselves comes from perceptions about how we are perceived by others; imagine how we appear to others, imagine what others think of us, and revise what we think about ourselves; we are influenced by what we IMAGINE others perceive us as, not always correct interpretation

24
Q

attitudes

A

have three components; affective-feel emotion, behavioral: act/behavior; cognitive: beliefs/knowledge
ABC model of attitude

25
Q

theory of planned behavior

A

we consider our implications of our actions and our intentions which shape how we behave; attitudes and subjective norms shape intentions

26
Q

attitude–behavior model

A

event triggers attitude which combines with knowledge to lead to behavior

27
Q

prototype willingness model

A

behavior is a function of our past behavior, our attitudes towards the behavior, subjective norms, intentions, willingness to engage in behavior, and prototypes

28
Q

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

two routes through which info is processed: central route (depends on quality of arguments) or peripheral route (looks at superficial cues of persuasion); pick a route based on interest in the topic or motivation to process the message thoroughly; when a person is interested, tend to choose central route-deeply process info; those who aren’t interested-shallow processing; central route-lasting attitude change, peripheral-temporary attitude change

29
Q

role playing

A

by taking on a new role, while at first it may feel fake, we can eventually change our attitudes according to the role

30
Q

reciprocal determinism

Bandura

A

behavior, cognition, and environment all interact; a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal cognitive factors and social environment.

31
Q

internal locus of control

A

feel that you can control your own destiny; failed test because you didn’t study

32
Q

external locus of control

A

perceive there to be outside factors that control your fate; ex. I failed the test because it was unfair

33
Q

learned helplessness

A

uncontrollable bad events lead to perceived lack of control which leads to generalized helpless behavior

34
Q

tyranny of choice

A

having too many choices can negatively impact behavior; study: people who had to pick from 6 choices were more pleased with decision than those who had to choose from 30 choices

35
Q

marshmallow test

A

experiment where children were given a marshmallow and allowed to eat it at any time, but if they waited 15 min, then they were given another marshmallow; children tried to resist temptation of immediate gratification for long term gratification; those who could wait for long term gratification have been found to have better life outcomes

36
Q

Ego depletion

A

self control is limited resource that requires energy to maintain; tasks that deplete self control make it hard to maintain self control in difficult second task

37
Q

folkways

A

mild norms, common rules and manners; basic, everyday courtesies; if you don’t engage, no actual punishment

38
Q

mores

A

norms based in moral values, produce strong feelings; ex. truthfulness, when public figures are not truthful, public outrage

39
Q

laws

A

norms that have established punishments for violations; not always outrage or disgust if violate

40
Q

taboos

A

behaviors that are completely forbidden any circumstances; based in deep understanding of right and wrong; much more extreme consequences than mores; punishable by law and disgust by public; ex. incest

41
Q

deviance

A

when a norm is violate, an individual behaves different than normal, expected behavior; not always bad- Olympic athlete behaves different than normal person

42
Q

theory of differential association

A

deviance is a learned behavior that results from continued exposure to others who deviate from norms/popular culture; relationships one forms affect behavior

43
Q

labeling behavior

A

a behavior is deviant if others have judged and labeled the behavior as deviant

44
Q

Primary deviance

A

does not have huge consequences, mild deviance-individual doesn’t feel immoral or wrong as result of situation

45
Q

secondary deviance

A

more serious consequence; severe negative reaction produces stigmatizing reaction, can lead to even more deviant behavior

46
Q

strain theory

A

if a person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, they become frustrated and turn to deviance

47
Q

incentive theory

A

reward is presented after the occurence of an action with intention of causing behavior to occur again; when rewards are given immediately, better chance of motivating; focuses on positive reinforcement

Behavioral sciences MCAT (17 decks)

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