chapter 10: social thinking Flashcards
Reciprocal liking
we like someone better if we know they like us
Mere exposure effect/familiarity effect
people prefer stimuli they have been exposed to more frequently, could work with people too
Attraction
attracted to people who’s body resembles golden ratio; increased when have opportunity for self-disclosure; increased by proximity
Role of amygdala in aggression
responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments; tells us whether something is a threat; when activated, increases aggression
cognitive neoassociation model
we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions
secure attachment
child has a consistent caregiver that can be depended on; vital aspect of child’s social development
avoidant attachment
caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; children show no preference between stranger and caregiver; no distress when caregiver leaves and returns
ambivalent attachment
caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress; child unable to form secure base, because cant rely on proper response; child becomes distressed when caregiver leaves, but ambivalent when they return
disorganized attachment
no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence; associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver; could be sign of abuse
Foraging
seeking out and eating food; lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger, ventromedial hypothalamus promotes satiety
mate choice/intersexual selection
selection of mate based on attraction; biased to choosing certain mates- evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing fitness of species
Mechanisms of mate choice
phenotypic benefits:attractive traits that increase survival of offspring; sensory bias:development of a trait that is attractive to females; Fisherian/runway selection: trait with no effect on survival becomes more attractive over time and is passed on; indicator traits:traits that signify good health; genetic compatibility: when combined, a pair has complementary genetics, reduces probability for diseased offspring
empathy-altruism hypothesis
one individual helps another person when they feel empathy for another person, regardless of the cost
Evolutionary stable stategy
when adapted by a population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising; strategies become inheritable traits, object of game is to be more fit than competitors
Strategic alternatives to competition according to game theory
altruism: donor provides benefit to recipient at cost to themself; cooperation: both benefit by cooperating; spite: both donor and recipient negatively impacted; selfishness: donor benefits, recipient negatively impacted
components of social perception
perceiver: influenced by motives, experiences, emotional state; target: refers to the person about which the perception is made; situation: given social context, which determined what information is available to perceiver
Primacy effect
idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions, and shape the way we see a person
Recency effect
most recent information about a person is most important in shaping our impressions
Reliance on central traits
organize perception of others based on traits of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver
Implicit personality theory
there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits and behaviors are related, making assumptions based on category they are placed in (stereotypes)
Halo effect
cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual; general impression of a person as generally good or bad influences more specific evaluations; attractive people likely perceived as friendly and trustworthy
Just-world hypothesis
good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people; noble actions rewarded, evil is punished, increases likelihood of blaming the victim
Self-serving bias
individuals view their own successes based on internal factors, while viewing failures as external factors outside your control; influenced by self-enhancement- need to maintain self-worth
Consistency cues
consistent behavior of a person over time; the more regular the behavior, the more the behavior is associated with the person’s motives
consensus cues
extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others
distinctiveness cues
the extent to which a person engages in similar behaviors across a series of scenarios; if person’s behaviors greatly varies across scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it
correspondent inference theory
people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if behavior is unexpected; when someone unexpectedly hurts us, we explain behavior as dispositional attribution
fundamental attribution error
biased towards making dispositional rather than situational attributions towards other people, especially in negative contexts; if group member doesnt finish role in group project, call lazy rather than consider other factors such as illness
attribute substitution
with complex situations, use a simpler solution or apply a heuristic; with difficult questions, may address a different question without realizing the substitution has been made
cultural attribution
individualists make more fundamental attribution errors because they attribute most behavior to dispositional factors than those in collectivist cultures who attribute behavior more to situational factors
stereotype content model
classifies stereotypes with respect to an in-group according to degrees of warmth and competence; warm groups are not in direct competition with in-group; competent groups have high status within society
Paternalistic stereotypes
low status, not competitive, looked down upon as inferior; elderly, disabled
contemptuous stereotypes
low status, competitive, viewed with resentment, anger, annoyance; welfare recipients, poor
admiration stereotypes
high status, not competitive; group viewed with pride and positive feelings; in-group, close allies
envious stereotypes
high status, competitive; viewed with jealousy, bitterness, distrust; Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists
self-fulfilling prophesy
stereotypes can lead to expectations, which create conditions that lead to confirmation of these expectations
stereotypic threat
people are concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group; can result in reduced performance or lower one’s investment in an activity
ethnocentrism
practice of making judgments about other cultures based on values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion
cultural relativism
perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but not inferior, not judging
individual discrimination
one person discriminates against a particular person or group
institutional discrimination
an entire institution discriminates against a person or group, built into structure of society so difficult to get rid of
