chapter 10: social thinking

Question 1

Reciprocal liking

Answer 1

we like someone better if we know they like us

Question 2

Mere exposure effect/familiarity effect

Answer 2

people prefer stimuli they have been exposed to more frequently, could work with people too

Question 3

Attraction

Answer 3

attracted to people who’s body resembles golden ratio; increased when have opportunity for self-disclosure; increased by proximity

Question 4

Role of amygdala in aggression

Answer 4

responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments; tells us whether something is a threat; when activated, increases aggression

Question 5

cognitive neoassociation model

Answer 5

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions

Question 6

secure attachment

Answer 6

child has a consistent caregiver that can be depended on; vital aspect of child’s social development

Question 7

avoidant attachment

Answer 7

caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; children show no preference between stranger and caregiver; no distress when caregiver leaves and returns

Question 8

ambivalent attachment

Answer 8

caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress; child unable to form secure base, because cant rely on proper response; child becomes distressed when caregiver leaves, but ambivalent when they return

Question 9

disorganized attachment

Answer 9

no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence; associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver; could be sign of abuse

Question 10

Foraging

Answer 10

seeking out and eating food; lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger, ventromedial hypothalamus promotes satiety

Question 11

mate choice/intersexual selection

Answer 11

selection of mate based on attraction; biased to choosing certain mates- evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing fitness of species

Question 12

Mechanisms of mate choice

Answer 12

phenotypic benefits:attractive traits that increase survival of offspring; sensory bias:development of a trait that is attractive to females; Fisherian/runway selection: trait with no effect on survival becomes more attractive over time and is passed on; indicator traits:traits that signify good health; genetic compatibility: when combined, a pair has complementary genetics, reduces probability for diseased offspring

Question 13

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 13

one individual helps another person when they feel empathy for another person, regardless of the cost

Question 14

Evolutionary stable stategy

Answer 14

when adapted by a population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising; strategies become inheritable traits, object of game is to be more fit than competitors

Question 15

Strategic alternatives to competition according to game theory

Answer 15

altruism: donor provides benefit to recipient at cost to themself; cooperation: both benefit by cooperating; spite: both donor and recipient negatively impacted; selfishness: donor benefits, recipient negatively impacted

Question 16

components of social perception

Answer 16

perceiver: influenced by motives, experiences, emotional state; target: refers to the person about which the perception is made; situation: given social context, which determined what information is available to perceiver

Question 17

Primacy effect

Answer 17

idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions, and shape the way we see a person

Question 18

Recency effect

Answer 18

most recent information about a person is most important in shaping our impressions

Question 19

Reliance on central traits

Answer 19

organize perception of others based on traits of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

Question 20

Implicit personality theory

Answer 20

there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits and behaviors are related, making assumptions based on category they are placed in (stereotypes)

Question 21

Halo effect

Answer 21

cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual; general impression of a person as generally good or bad influences more specific evaluations; attractive people likely perceived as friendly and trustworthy

Question 22

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 22

good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people; noble actions rewarded, evil is punished, increases likelihood of blaming the victim

Question 23

Self-serving bias

Answer 23

individuals view their own successes based on internal factors, while viewing failures as external factors outside your control; influenced by self-enhancement- need to maintain self-worth

Question 24

Consistency cues

Answer 24

consistent behavior of a person over time; the more regular the behavior, the more the behavior is associated with the person’s motives

Question 25

consensus cues

Answer 25

extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others

Question 26

distinctiveness cues

Answer 26

the extent to which a person engages in similar behaviors across a series of scenarios; if person’s behaviors greatly varies across scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it

Question 27

correspondent inference theory

Answer 27

people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if behavior is unexpected; when someone unexpectedly hurts us, we explain behavior as dispositional attribution

Question 28

fundamental attribution error

Answer 28

biased towards making dispositional rather than situational attributions towards other people, especially in negative contexts; if group member doesnt finish role in group project, call lazy rather than consider other factors such as illness

Question 29

attribute substitution

Answer 29

with complex situations, use a simpler solution or apply a heuristic; with difficult questions, may address a different question without realizing the substitution has been made

Question 30

cultural attribution

Answer 30

individualists make more fundamental attribution errors because they attribute most behavior to dispositional factors than those in collectivist cultures who attribute behavior more to situational factors

Question 31

stereotype content model

Answer 31

classifies stereotypes with respect to an in-group according to degrees of warmth and competence; warm groups are not in direct competition with in-group; competent groups have high status within society

Question 32

Paternalistic stereotypes

Answer 32

low status, not competitive, looked down upon as inferior; elderly, disabled

Question 33

contemptuous stereotypes

Answer 33

low status, competitive, viewed with resentment, anger, annoyance; welfare recipients, poor

Question 34

admiration stereotypes

Answer 34

high status, not competitive; group viewed with pride and positive feelings; in-group, close allies

Question 35

envious stereotypes

Answer 35

high status, competitive; viewed with jealousy, bitterness, distrust; Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists

Question 36

self-fulfilling prophesy

Answer 36

stereotypes can lead to expectations, which create conditions that lead to confirmation of these expectations

Question 37

stereotypic threat

Answer 37

people are concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group; can result in reduced performance or lower one’s investment in an activity

Question 38

ethnocentrism

Answer 38

practice of making judgments about other cultures based on values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion

Question 39

cultural relativism

Answer 39

perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but not inferior, not judging

Question 40

individual discrimination

Answer 40

one person discriminates against a particular person or group

Question 41

institutional discrimination

Answer 41

an entire institution discriminates against a person or group, built into structure of society so difficult to get rid of