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behavioral sciences mcat > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent, transmit sensory info to brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent; transmit motor info from brain and spinal cord to muscles

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3
Q

interneurons

A

between other neurons; responsible for reflexes, controlled by reflex arcs (neural circuits)

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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons; under voluntary control

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

manages involuntary muscles; regulates heartbeat, respiration, body temp; independent of voluntary control; 2 branches: sympathetic &parasympathetic

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6
Q

Parasympathetic

A

role is to conserve energy; resting and sleeping states; rest and digest

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7
Q

sympathetic

A

activated by stress; fight or flight; increased HR, increased blood flow to muscles, increased blood glucose, decreased digestion

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8
Q

meninges

A

protective tissue that covers brain & keeps brain anchored within skull; three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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9
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

aqueous solution within brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

ventricles

A

inner cavities of brain

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11
Q

pons

A

contains sensory and motor pathways

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates body movements, maintains posture and balance

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13
Q

midbrain

A

receives sensory and motor info from rest of body; contains superior and inferior colliculi

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14
Q

cortical maps

A

by electrically stimulating neurons in specific brain region, specific muscle movement can be produces

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15
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

place several electrodes on scalp and measure electrical activity of brain

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16
Q

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

noninvasive mapping procedure; detects neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of brain

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17
Q

thalamus

A

relay for sensory info

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls endocrine processes, acts as homeostatic thermostat

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19
Q

basal ganglia

A

coordinate muscle movement, make our movements smooth; component of extrapyramidal motor system

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20
Q

septal nuclei

A

primary pleasure center in brain

21
Q

amygdala

A

role in fear processing and aggression

22
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory; consolidates info to form long-term memories

23
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

not able to make new long-term memories

24
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss of events before brain damage

25
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer surface of brain; contains bumps (gyri) and folds (sulci)- increases surface area; divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres

26
Q

Broca’s area

A

important for speech production

27
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

integrates input from different brain regions (association area), executive functioning

28
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

destination for all incoming sensory signals

29
Q

visual cortex/striate cortex

A

back of brain (occipital), visual processing

30
Q

auditory cortex

A

primary site for sound processing

31
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language reception and comprehension

32
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

usually the left; primarily analytic, language, logic, comprehension skills

33
Q

non-dominant hemisphere

A

associated with intuition, creativity, spatial processing, music cognition

34
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, control alertness and arousal; promote fight or flight response

35
Q

Dopamine

A

catecholamine that is important for movement and posture

36
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming

37
Q

GABA and glycine

A

inhibitory effects through hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

38
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

39
Q

endorphins/enkephalins

A

natural painkillers produced in brain

40
Q

anterior pituitary

A

under control by hypothalamus; regulates secretion of endocrine glands

41
Q

adaptive value

A

extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits the species

42
Q

neurulation

A

ectoderm furrows, forming the neural groove; at 3-4 weeks gestational age

43
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects fetus to placenta, which supplies food, oxygen, and water

44
Q

rooting reflex

A

in infants; automatic turning of head in response to stimulus that touches cheek (nipple)

45
Q

Moro reflex

A

infants react to abrupt movements of their head by flailing their arms and crying

46
Q

Babinski reflex

A

causes toes to spread apart automatically when sole of foot is stimulated

47
Q

social development of infant

A

stranger anxiety: fear of unfamiliar people

separation anxiety: fear of being away from parents

48
Q

Parallel play

A

develops around age 2; children play alongside each other but not with each other

behavioral sciences mcat (17 decks)

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