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Psychology AQA Paper 2 > Experiments > Flashcards

Experiments Flashcards

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1
Q

Discuss the experimental method

A

Aims are stated,
two or more levels of IV or manipulated by experimenter,
effect is measured on DV
Extraneous variable is a controlled and procedure is standardised,
hypothesis states the relationship between IV and DV,
causal relationships can be drawn

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2
Q

What is the problem with confounding variables

A

They very systematically with the IV thus any change in the DB maybe due to a confounding variable instead of the IV

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3
Q

What are the extraneous variables

A

Nuisance variables that make it harder to detect changes in the DV

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4
Q

What is mundane realism

A

The extent to which features of a study Mira the real world

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5
Q

What is generalisation

A

Findings from this study may lack generalisability if the materials or environment lack mundane realism or if participants know they are being studied

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6
Q

What is validity

A

Legitimacy or genuineness

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7
Q

What is internal validity

A

Enhanced by control of confounding variable is high mundane realism

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8
Q

What is external validity

A

Generalising to other situations and historical periods and people

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9
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

States more less Higher or lower

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10
Q

What is a nondirectional hypothesis

A

Does not state direction of difference

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11
Q

When do you state of direction

A

If indicated by past research

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12
Q

What is a pilot study

A

A trial run with similar participants to test procedures and amend if necessary

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13
Q

What are Confederates

A

Directed by a researcher to play certain roles in the study

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14
Q

What are the types of experimental design

A

Repeated measures, independent groups, matched pairs and counterbalancing

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15
Q

Discuss repeated measures

A

Each participant is tested twice experiences both levels of the IV

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16
Q

Discuss independent groups

A

Each participant is only tested on one level of the IV

17
Q

Discussed matched pairs

A

Each participant is paired with another participant, each pair receives both levels of the IV

18
Q

Discuss counterbalancing

A

Each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts could be AB, BA ,ABBA

19
Q

Evaluate repeated measures

A

Order effects e.g. practice or boredom and guessing aims of the study. can be counterbalanced

20
Q

Evaluate independent groups

A

Participant variables not controlled need more participants can use random allocation

21
Q

Evaluate matched pairs

A

Matching takes time and may not account for all variables that matter

22
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

Study with an IV and DV conducted in controlled environment

23
Q

What is a field experiment

A

Study with an IV and DV conducted in a more natural environment

24
Q

What can happen in both kind of experiment

A

The IV maybe contrived and thus reduce mundane realism

25
Q

Evaluate laboratory experiments

A

Participants less likely to behave as they do in every day life because of awareness of being studied, and contrive materials and environment

26
Q

Evaluate field experiments

A

Environment more natural and when is it being studied and likely, therefore higher ecological validity in but material maybe contrived, reducing ecological validity. Ethical issues of debriefing not possible

27
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

The IV is natural insofar as it varies whether or not the researcher is there. the DV maybe measured in a lab

28
Q

What is a quasi-experiment

A

The IV is not a variable, it is a condition that exists such as age or having an external locus of control

29
Q

Discuss why both natural and cosy experiments cannot draw causal conclusions

A

The IV is not deliberately changed, there is no random allocation, then maybe unique characteristics of the participants, participants may be aware of being studied that’s reducing internal validity, the DV may be fairly artificial task, reducing ecological validity

30
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Queues in the experimental situation but convey a hypothesis to participants, creating expectations about how to behave

31
Q

What are investigator affects

A

Unconscious queues for investigator that affect participants performance other than what is intended, including indirect effects e.g. investigator experimental design affect

32
Q

What must be used to minimise the problems of demand and investigator characteristics

A

Single or double blind trials

Psychology AQA Paper 2 (23 decks)

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