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Psychology AQA Paper 2 > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the endocrine system transmit information?

A

Releasing hormones directly Into the blood stream via blood vessels

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2
Q

How quickly does the endocrine system act?

A

Slowly

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3
Q

How does the endocrine system control?

A

Indirectly

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4
Q

How long do the effects last?

A

Long term

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5
Q

What is the function of the endocrine glands?

A

To provide a chemical system of communication via the bloodstream. It also regulates the body’s internal physiological processes through the release of hormones

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6
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads
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7
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

It is the “master gland” in the endocrine system. Many of the hormones released by the pituitary gland controls the secretions from other endocrine glands

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8
Q

What are the two main parts of the endocrine system?

A

Anterior (front)

Posterior (back)

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9
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior of the pituitary and what is their role?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH)- stress response, stimulating the adrenal glands to produce the hormone cortisol
Luteinising (LH) & FSH- control the reproductive functioning and sexual characteristics eg: stimulate ovaries

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10
Q

What are hormones released by the posterior of the pituitary gland and what is their role?

A

Oxytoxin- stimulates he contraction of the uterus during childbirth and also promotes mother-infant bonding
ADH- regulates water balance

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A 
Adrenal Medulla (inner)
Adrenal Cortex (outer)
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12
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release and what effect does it have?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline- increases heart rate and blood flow to the muscles and the brain.
Releases stored glucose for energy in the flight or fight response

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13
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release and what effect does it have?

A

Glucocorticoid hormones (corti/sol/sone/costerone) regulating cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory functions. Coles with ongoing stress and suppression of the immune system

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14
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical substances released from the endocrine glands into the bloodstream carried to target sites in the body

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15
Q

What cells can hormones have a direct affect on?

A

Cells with receptors for that particular hormone (target cells)

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16
Q

What happens when enough receptor sites are stimulated by hormones?

A

A physiological reaction occurs

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17
Q

What is crucial to the normal functioning of a hormone

A

Levels and timing of release. To much or too little at the wrong time can result in dysfunction of bodily systems

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18
Q

How is the endocrine system regulated?

A

Through the hypothalamus and Negative feedback

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19
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate hormones

A

The hypothalamus controls the “master gland” the pituitary by secreting a releasing hormone eg: corticotrophin

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20
Q

How does the Negative Feedback System regulate the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus shuts down the secretion of the releasing hormone when the levels are too high to maintain a stable concentration in the bloodstream

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21
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Ducked glands

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22
Q

What is action potential

A

Information travelling away from the cell body in the form of an electrical signal

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23
Q

What does the process of synaptic transmission refer to?

A

Process by which a nerve impulse passes across the synaptic cleft from one neurone (presynaptic) to another (postsynaptic)

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24
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The small gap between neurone in which neurotransmitters are released, permitting nerve impulses to be transmitted between neurones

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25
Q

What does the synapse include?

A

End of presynaptic neurone
Membrane of postsynaptic neurone
Gap inbetween

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26
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

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27
Q

How are impulses transmitted across the synapse and how long does it take

A

Chemical and a fraction of a second

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28
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters stored for synaptic transmission

A

In synaptic vesicles

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29
Q

What stimulates the vesicles involved in synaptic transmission to release neurotransmitter

A

Action potential down the axon to axon terminal

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30
Q

How do neurotransmitters get over the gap to the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Diffuses across gap and then binds to special receptors

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31
Q

What varies across types of receptors in synaptic transmission

A

The nature of response

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32
Q

What does the synaptic transmission process produce on the postsynaptic neurone

A

Excitatory or inhibitory effects

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33
Q

What happens after synaptic transmission

A

Neurotransmitters are released back into the synaptic space and is then cleared from the synaptic cleft

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34
Q

Which processes are used to clear neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

A

Diffusion
Break Down
Re-uptake

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35
Q

What is the relationship between uptake and the effects of neurotransmitters

A

The quicker the reuptake, the shorter the effects on the postsynaptic neurone

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36
Q

What do some drugs do to prolong the effect of neurotransmitters

A

Inhibit the re-uptake process eg: SSRI the antidepressant

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37
Q

What are examples of neurotransmitters which have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neurone

A

Glutamate and noradrenaline

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38
Q

What do excitatory synaptic connections do to the neural activation in the CNS

A

Increase the neural activation

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39
Q

What does a excitatory neurotransmitter binding with a postsynaptic receptor cause?

A

An electrical change in the cell membrane resulting in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) making the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire

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40
Q

What are examples of neurotransmitters that have an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic neurone

A

GABA

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41
Q

What do inhibitory synaptic connections do to the neural activation in the CNS

A

Decrease neural activation

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42
Q

What does an inhibitory neurotransmitter binding wig a postsynaptic receptor?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP making the postsynaptic cell less likely to fire

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43
Q

What can a nerve cell receive?

A

EPSPs and IPSPs influences from several neurtransmitters

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44
Q

What determines if a neutron fires?

A

The sum of all excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input for the postsynaptic cell

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45
Q

What are relay neurons?

A

Neurons within the CNS that interconnect different parts of the CNS and allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate with each other

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46
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Carry commands from CNS to skeletal muscles or glands which allowS control of movement and responses of internal systems.

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47
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

They carry sensory information (funny that) from the body’s sensory receptors and sensory organs to the CNS. They convert information from the receptors to neural impulses

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48
Q

What is the basic underlying structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

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49
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors

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50
Q

What does the cell body do?

A

Control centre of the neuron

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51
Q

What dos the axon do?

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons

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52
Q

What are neurons?

A

The specialised cells making up the nervous system, which conduct electrical Impulses

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53
Q

Hat is the nervous system divided into

A

Two main subsystems the central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system

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54
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord which receives information from the senses and controls the body’s responses

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55
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System)

A

Part of the nervous that is outside the brain and spinal cord.
It comprises of nerve cells leading to and from the CNS.

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56
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System divided into?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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57
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Carries sensory and motor information to and from the CNS and controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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58
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do

A

Governs involuntary activity of internal body systems eg heartbeat and digestion

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59
Q

What is the CNS’s main functions

A

Control of behaviour

Rebut ion if the body’s physiological processes

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60
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A bundle of nerve fibres enclosed within the spinal column, connecting nearly all parts of the body with the brain

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61
Q

What is the main function of the spinal cord

A

To relay information between the brain and the rest of the body

62
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves which divides into two roots one containing a sensory neuron allowing the transmission of sensory information to the brain and one root sighs motor neuron

63
Q

What do circuits of nerve cells in the spinal cord also enable us to perform

A

Simple reflexes without direct involvement of the brain

64
Q

What are the four main areas of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem

65
Q

What is the role of the brain stem?

A

Responsible for regulating automatic functions essential for life
Motor and sensory neurons travel through allowing impulses to pass between the brain and spinal cord

66
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Sits beneath the back of the cerebrum and is involved in controlling motor skills, balance and coordinating muscles

67
Q

What is the role of the diencephalon?

A

Has the thalamus which acts as a relay station for nerve impulses and the hypothalamus which regulates the body’s temperature, hunger and thirst. It acts as a link between the endocrine system and the nervous system

68
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

The frontal lobe
The Parietal lobe
The occipital lobe
The temporal lobe

69
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

Involved in thought, speech production and learning

70
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes sensory information eg touch, temperature and pain

71
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe

A

To process visual info

72
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe

A

Involved in hearing and memory

73
Q

What is the autonomic system divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

74
Q

What does the sympathetic NS produce?

A

Arousal, preparing the body for rapid reaction

75
Q

What are ‘symptoms’ of the sympathetic NS

A

Increased heart rate, pupils become dilated

76
Q

What does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

Reduces arousal, conserving energy and digestion

77
Q

What are ‘symptoms’ of the parasympathetic NS

A

Decreased heart rate, increases stomach activity

78
Q

What is the sympathetic NS involved in

A

The fight or flight response

79
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS involved in

A

Rest and digest

80
Q

What direction does the message travel in a neuron (on a page)

A

Left to right

81
Q

What is involved in the fight or flight response

A

Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Adrenal medulla

82
Q

Discuss the role of the Amygdala in the fight or flight response

A

Part of limpid system, detects fearful stimuli
Rapid without conscious awareness
Connect to the ANS to prepare body for response

83
Q

Discuss the role of the hypothalamus in the fight or flight response

A

Communicates with rest of body through SNS

In stress response, triggers: SAM, HPA

84
Q

Discuss the role of the adrenal medulla in the fight or flight response

A

Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

Adrenaline boats supply of oxygen to the muscles and suppresses non-emergency bodily processes

85
Q

Discuss the flow response to sudden stressors

A

Appraisal, hypothalamus, SAM, Adrenal Medulla, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline

86
Q

Discuss the flow response to ongoing stressors

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal, feedback

87
Q

What are the gender differences in the fight or flight response

A

Taylor: tend or befriend evolved form being primary caregiver
Fleeing too soon threatens offspring
Fight harder due to oxytocin reducing fearfulness

88
Q

What are the negative consequences to the flight or fight response

A

If repeatedly activated, causes physical damage eg: high blood pressure damages arteries and damage to cortisol affects the immune system

89
Q

Discuss how the fight or flight response doesn’t tell the whole story

A

Freeze element which allows better appraisal of situation as we are hyper vigilant

90
Q

Discuss how stress response is actually more positive

A

Acute stress enables bette teamwork eg: 9/11 human become protective and work together which is why we have thrived as a species

91
Q

Discuss a genetic basis too sex differences

A

Lee and Harky: SRY gene in Y chromosome = aggression for fight or flight only in men

92
Q

What is the definition of the fight or flight response

A

A sequence of activity within the body which is triggered when the body prepares itself for defending, attacking or running to safety. Involves changes in nervous system and secretion of hormones to sustain arousal

93
Q

What does localisation of function refer to

A

Specific areas of the brain are associated with specific functions

94
Q

Discuss the motor cortex

A

Voluntary movements
In frontal lobe
Both hemispheres, opposite control
Regions arranged logically

95
Q

Discuss the somatosensory cortex

A

Processes input from sensory receptors that re sensitive to touch
Parietal lobe, post central gurus
Produces sensations
Both hemispheres, opposite control

96
Q

Discuss the visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe
Begins in retina in back of eye
Terminates in thalamus, acts as relay station to visual cortex
Both hemispheres

97
Q

Discuss the auditory cortex

A

Hearing
In temporal lobe
Both hemispheres
Cochlea, Brian stem, thalamus, auditory cortex

98
Q

What are the language centres

A

Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area. Has arcuate fasciculus running between two

99
Q

Discuss Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe

Comprehension of language

100
Q

Discuss Broca’s area

A

Left frontal lobe

Speech production

101
Q

Discuss support for localisation

A

Asphasia studies support language centres:
Broca’s asphasia- can’t produce language
Wernicke’s asphasia- can’t understand language

102
Q

Discuss Equipotentiality theory

A

Basic motor and sensory functions localised t not hire mental functions
Lashley: intact areas responsible for cognitive functions following injury to area responsible
The effect of damage caused by the extent of damage rather than location

103
Q

What is the criticism of localisation

A

How the brain communicates rather than which specific brain regions control a particular cognitive processes

104
Q

What does hemispheric lateralisation refer to

A

2 halves of the brain are not entirely Like

Each hemispheres has function specialisation

105
Q

Discuss split brain research

A

Corpus callous mallows hemispheric communication

Reforms to studies with individuals who have had surgical separations of hemispheres often due to severe epilepsy

106
Q

Discuss Sperry& Gazzaniga’s procedure

A

Able to send visual info to one hemispheres at a time
Fixate in dot in centre which in for presented to left or right of visual fields
Asked to make responses with left or right hand or verbally

107
Q

What did Sperry & Gazzinga find

A

Number of differences between two hemispheres
Hasn’t shown brain is organised into regions with specific tasks
Connectivity more importance than regions

108
Q

What does brain plasticity refer to

A

Brains ability to modify its own structure and function as a result of experience

109
Q

Discuss plasticity as a result of life experience

A

New experiences mean new nerve pathways becoming frequently stronger, if rarely used they die
Allows adaptation to environment
Age decreases cognitive functioning

110
Q

What did Boyle found as a result of life experience and brain plasticity

A

60yr old leering to juggle had increases grey matter but when practice stopped changes reversed

111
Q

Discuss playing video games and Brian plasticity

A

Deman complex cognitive and motor demands

Kuhn found an increase of grey matter in cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum when people trained on super Mario

112
Q

What does video game training silt in

A

Synaptic connections for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance

113
Q

Discuss meditation and brain plasticity

A

Davidson: students who began mediating had increase in gamma waves but Tiebetan monks had greater amount
Monks show had meditation allowed permanent changes

114
Q

What are gamma waves important for

A

Coordination of neurons

115
Q

What does functional eco very after trauma refer to

A

Recovery of abilities and mental processes that have been comprised as a result of Brain injury or disease

116
Q

What are two mechanisms for recovery

A

Neuronal masking

Stem cells

117
Q

Discuss Neuronal Masking

A

Dormant synapses when have increased input to them damage surrounding brain area allowing them to become unblocked
Allows new connections to regions which aren’t usual,y activated and creates lateral spread of activation

118
Q

Discuss stem cells as a mechanism for recovery

A

Directly replace dead or dying cells
Secrete growth factors to rescue injure cells
cells from neural network links an uninsured brain site, new stem cells are made with the he damaged region of the brain

119
Q

Discuss animal studies in functional recovery

A

Kempermann: enriched environment could alter number of neurons in he brain, found increased number in rats if in complex environments rather than laboratory cages
Especially in hippocampus

120
Q

Discuss plasticity support from human studies

A

Maguire: London taxi drivers MRI scans showed hippocampus volume was positively correlated with amount of time as taxi driver. Spatial navigation is highly used which was reflected in MRI scans

121
Q

Discuss functional recovery support from animal studies

A

Tajiri, rats with traumatic Brian injury who had stem cells implanted into their Brian’s showed clear development of neuron-like cells in the area of injury

122
Q

Discuss age differences in functional recovery

A

Huttenlocher, plasticity reduces with age but adults Cana don’t a child’s abilities with intense training. Suggests that there is plasticity but capacity for neural reorganisation is much greater in kids as adults require mass training

123
Q

Discuss the nature of circadian rhythms

A

Driven by body clock
Synchronised by master circadian pacemaker SCN
Light provides main input to body clock
Light sensitive cells detect and send messages to SCN

124
Q

What is the SCN

A

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

125
Q

Discuss the sleep-wake cycle

A 
Light & dark are external signals
Dips and rises at 2-4 am and 1-3pm
Cycle und homeostatic control, tells us to sleep if awake for long time
Internal 24hrs, free running
Non tolerant of changes
126
Q

What are two other circadian rhythms

A

Core body temperature

Hormone production

127
Q

Discuss core body temperature as a circadian rhythm

A

Lowest at 4:30 AM, highest at 6PM
Sleep stats, temp decreases
Temp rises during final stages of sleep
Temp drop 2-4AM

128
Q

Discuss hormone production as a circadian rhythm

A

Pineal gland in brain produces and releases melatonin
Peaks during darkness and encourages sleep
Production drops as we wake

129
Q

Discuss Michael Striffe’s aim

A

To study free running circadian rhythms

130
Q

Discuss Michael Striffe’s procedure

A

Lived underground for long periods of time with no external cue to guide his rhythms

131
Q

Discuss Michael Striffe’s findings

A

61 days thought he lost 28days
6months went to 20hrs
As he got older body clicked more slowly

132
Q

Dies research support for the role of light

A

Hughes: extreme variation in daylight in a particular change when hormonal levels peak, cortisol changed to noon not wake
Explains variation in circadian rhythms
Winter darkness had no change in cortisol

133
Q

Discuss individual differences in circadian rhythms

A

Cycle length: vary between 13-65hrs (czeisler)
Cycle onset: innate differences for rhythm peak
Duffy: ‘morning people=early’ rise 6am, bed 10pm
‘Evening people =late’ rise 10am, bed 1pm

134
Q

Discuss the research methodology

A

Thought that dim artificial light didn’t have effect, therefore wasn’t isolate as a variable, questions reliability of older studies
Czeisler: dim artificial light can alter rhythms between going down 22hrs to going up to 28hrs

135
Q

Discuss ultradian rhythms sleep stages

A

Follows pattern of alternating between REM and NREM
5 stages of sleep: 4 NREM 1(5th) REM
Repeats 90-100mins
Each stage show own EEG pattern

136
Q

Discuss the basic rest activity cycle

A

90mins, continuous throughout day
Progressing form a state of alertness to fatigue
After 90mins human body runs out of resources resulting in loss of concentration, fatigue and hunger

137
Q

Discuss a weekly infraction rhythm

A

Grouping of 7days commonly used across world, may be due to biological factors
HALBERG: 7 day rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate in humans

138
Q

Discuss monthly infradian rhythms

A

Menstrual cycle: 28days regulated by hormones either promoting ovulation or stimulating uterus

139
Q

Discuss annual infradian rhythms

A

Related to seasons
SAD, seasonal variation in mood in human, depressed in winter months
Animals migrate

140
Q

Discuss individual differences in sleep stages

A

Non-biological factors affecting individuals asleep patterns eg: room temp, sleep hygiene
Tucker: factor biologically determined, perhaps genetic

141
Q

What individual differences did Tucker find in sleep stages

A

Sleep duration, time to fall asleep, amount of time in each sleep stage. We’re not driven by circumstance but partially biologically driven

142
Q

Discuss research support for BRAC

A

Ericsson found elite violinist rehearse for max of 90mins

Violinist, athletes, chess players and authors often have naps after sessions

143
Q

Discuss how the menstraul cycle may be controlled by exogenous cues

A

Usually endogenous
But- women with uninterrupted menstraul cycles through their swear can get other women to synchronise them through smell
Suggests cycle can be affected by pheromones

144
Q

Discuss the belief in lunar rhythms

A

Mid-wives: more babies born on full moon (subjective association)
Mental health professional: full moon alters behaviour
Most studies fail to show this but occasional studies show correlation but no causal relationships
Highlights how Rams are biologically driven

145
Q

What are endogenous pacemakers

A

Internal biological clocks in brain- the SCN which has own inbuilt circadian rhythm

146
Q

How does the endogenous pacemaker function

A

Relieves info about light from optic nerve, keeps SCN circadian rhythm synchronised with daylight
Light dark rhythms make SCN send signals to pineal gland to control secretion of melatonin

147
Q

What are two exogenous zeitgebers

A

Light and social cues

148
Q

Discuss light as an exogenous zeitgebers

A

Receptors in SCN sensitive to light changes
Resets internal biological clock everyday
Rods and cones in retina detect light from visual images
Melanoma in detects natural light and sends signal to SCN to set daily body cycle

149
Q

Discuss social cues as an exogenous zeitgebers

A

Mel times and social activity
Ashcroft, people can compensate for lack of natural light by response to social zeitgebers instead
Helps blind people
Prevents jet lag if people go outside and use social cues

150
Q

Discuss support for the role of the SCN

A

Morgan- barred hamsters with. Abnormal circadian rhythms of 20hrs, transplanted them into normal hamsters who then displayed same abnormal rhythm.

151
Q

Discuss separate rhythms which questions if the SCN is the master

A

Folkard: studied university students who lived in lab with no daylight of exogenous cues to reset SCN for 25dAys
After 25 days Coe them rhythm 24hes
Sleep-wake extended to 30hrs
Period of sleep longer than 16hrs

152
Q

Discuss the role of the SCN in exogenous zeitgebers

A

Blind people have reliable circadian rhythms despite lack of rods and cones
Blind people who retain some log perception have normal circadian Rho but those without show abnormal rhythm

Psychology AQA Paper 2 (23 decks)

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