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Psychology AQA Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is introspection?

A

The process by which a person gains knowledge of self, through self examination of emotions

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2
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Objective, systematic and replicable investigation methods of testing/ modifying hypothesis based on these methods

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3
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Behaviours broken down into their simplest form

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4
Q

What are the limitations of Wundt’s theory?

A

Weren’t reliable reproduced by other researchers
Non observable responds
Introspection not entirely accurate
Nisbett and Wilson claimed that we have very little knowledge of the causes of our behaviour and attitude
Participants who were unaware of factors influencing them which showed implicit attitudes exist outside of conscious awareness

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5
Q

What are the strengths of the scientific method?

A

Knowledge acquired using the scientific method is more than passive acceptance of facts
Rely and belief in determination in order to establish cause and effect
Self-corrective

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6
Q

What are the limitations of the scientific approach?

A

Create contrived situations which tell us little about how people act in more natural environments. Giving low ecological validity
Much of the subject matter in psychology is unobservable

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7
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Belief that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and is not innate

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8
Q

What is the fundamental belief of the behaviourist approach

A

All behaviour is learnt through either classical or operant conditioning

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9
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

FaceTime reflex responses that occurred involuntarily which become associated with other stimuli

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10
Q

Who investigated classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

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11
Q

What was Pavlov able to do

A

Get dogs to solvate the sound of a bell as it had been associated with food

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12
Q

What was the unconditioned stimuli us in Pavlov’s research

A

Food

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13
Q

What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s research

A

Sound of bell

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14
Q

What was the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s research

A

Salivating

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15
Q

What are the features that Pavlov found important

A

Timing
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalisation

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16
Q

Explain timing as an important feature

A

If the NS cannot be used to predict the UCS, think conditioning does not take place

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17
Q

Discuss extinction as an important factor

A

The CR does not become permanently established eventually the effect of the disappears

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18
Q

Discussed spontaneous recovery as an important factor

A

Once put together again the link is easily remade

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19
Q

Discussed stimulus generalisation as an important factor

A

Once an animal has been conditioned they respond to other stimuli that is similar to the CS

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20
Q

What is a strength of classical conditioning

A

Lead to the development of treatments for the reduction of anxiety associated with phobias
Systematic desensitisation is a therapy based on classical conditioning as it eliminates learned anxious response therapist try to eliminate one learned response and replace it with another that the patient is no longer anxious.
The approach has been found to be effective for a range of phobias

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21
Q

What is the limitation of classical conditioning

A

Different species face different challenges to survive this means relationships between the CS and UCS tend to be more difficult to establish for some species.
Animals are prepared to learn associations but I’ll significant for survival yet I’m prepared to learn associations that are not in this respect making some associations harder than others

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22
Q

Who investigated operant conditioning

A

Skinner

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23
Q

What does Skinner theory show

A

Repeating of the behaviour could be shaped by either rewarding a punishing the behaviour Arrat learnt to press the lever that produces food very quickly

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24
Q

What is reinforcement

A

Anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will occur again

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25
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Occurs when behaviour produces a consequence that is satisfying (you give something)

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26
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Removing an adverse stimuli

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27
Q

When is a continuous schedule used

A

For establishing the first response

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28
Q

When is the partial reinforcement schedule used

A

For maintaining the response

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29
Q

What is the effect of punishment on learning

A

Decreases the likelihood of an event happening again Positive punishment is giving something directly e.g. hitting
Negative punishment is taking something away e.g. removing a gold star from a child

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30
Q

What is a strength of operant conditioning

A

Skin is reliance on the experimental method with controlled conditions enables a possible causal relationship.
He was able to accurately measure the effects on the rats behaviour allowing the cause-and-effect relationship between the consequence of the behaviour of the future frequency of its occurrence

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31
Q

What is a limitation of operant conditioning

A

Study of nonhuman animals rather than humans can tell us a little about human behaviour. Human beings have free will rather having their behaviour determined however skinners believes the behaviours of free will is an illusion and actually the product of external influence that guide our behaviour

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32
Q

What is the fundamental belief of social learning theory

A

We learn through classical and opera and conditioning but also allows the cognitive processes e.g. observation and imitation of others

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33
Q

Who investigated social learning theory

A

Bandara

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34
Q

Discuss the procedure of Bandura’s research

A

Children observed either oh crescive or non-aggressive model to see if they would imitate them.
Half exposed to aggressive who is physically and verbally aggressive to life-size Bobo doll what saying pow.
Children then put in a room alone with other toys and the Bobo doll

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35
Q

What did Bandura find

A

Children who observed the aggressive model reproduce lots of their behaviour.
Children who observe the non-aggressor exhibited virtually no aggression.
One third who observed aggressor repeated the models verbal responses. Children in the non-aggressor didn’t.
Follow-up study found children who saw a reward for the bad acts were more likely to imitate it

36
Q

Discuss the useful application that Aker explains of Bandura’s research

A

Akers suggest the probability of criminal behaviour increases when the models commit criminal behaviours because they develop an expectation of positive consequences on their own behaviour

37
Q

Discuss support for identification in SLT

A

Fox and bailing son found using the computers virtual human engaging and exercise if the model was similar to the observer observer engage in more exercise in the next 24 hours where as others only loitered

38
Q

What are the mediational processes and social learning theory

A

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

39
Q

Why does behaviour occur according to social learning theory

A

Learning through observation and imitation of others which can take place either directly or indirectly. Imitation because of behaviour is seen to be rewarded and is more likely to occur when we identified that the role model

40
Q

What of general strengths of SLT

A

Works cross culturally

Less deterministic as it allows the free will

41
Q

What is a problem with the causality of SLT

A

It may not be the role model causing the behaviour but having an attitude prior to contact. Siegel & McCormick suggest young people who are deviant seek those similar to them as they are more fun

42
Q

What is a problem in the complexity of SLT

A

Disregards other potential influences on behaviour. The child is exposed to many different influences and many complexity ways. This includes genetic predisposition, media portrayals, and locus of control.

43
Q

What is the fundamental belief of the cognitive approach

A

All behaviour is a result of information received through the senses being processed by systems in the brain, often using computer metaphors for explanations

44
Q

What is the role of schemas in internal mental processes

A

The framework of the brain that helps organise and interpret information allowing us to make shortcuts to mass info. Excludes things that don’t conform to establish ideas are building gaps what info is missing often leading to stereotypes

45
Q

What is the role of theoretical models in the study of internal mental processes

A

Multi store/working memory model or simplified representation is based on research. Off and pick Torio with arrows indicating cause and affect. Often incomplete informal and frequently changed

46
Q

Discuss the role of computer models in the cognitive approach

A

Looks at the way sensory information is encoded as it passes through the system which still needs to computer analogy. What is inputted to the senses determines what output is

47
Q

What is involved in the study of cognitive neuroscience

A

Study of brain structures involved in mental process

48
Q

What techniques are used to study how different parts of the brain become active?

A

Mental imaging techniques eg: PET scans and MRI scans

49
Q

Discuss the strength of application in the cognitive approach

A

Can be applied to social psychology explaining why impressions are formed as schemas set expectations

50
Q

Explain how the scientific method is a strength in cognitive psychology

A

Experimental method reaches conclusions about mind from accurate evidence rather than introspection.
Allows establishment of cause and effect

51
Q

Discuss the limitation of computer models

A

Encoding, storage and retrieval are taken direct,y from field but a big difference between humans and computers is computers don’t make mistakes, Ray don’t ignore information or forget whereas humans do

52
Q

Discuss the issue that the cognitive approach ignores emotion and motivation

A

Ignores emotion and motivational processes, due to over dependence on information processing

53
Q

Discuss the lack of ecological validity in the cognitive approach

A

Tasks used in cognitive psychology have little in common with everyday activities

54
Q

What is e fundamental belief of the biological approach

A

All behaviour can be explained in terms of the individuals biology

55
Q

What is meant by heredity and what is the involvement of genes

A

Genes may carry instructions for characteristics but their development depends on how that gene interacts with other genes and environmental influences

56
Q

What is the nature nurture debate

A

Is behaviour due to a biological predisposition or environmental factors teaching behaviour

57
Q

What is meant by genotype

A

Genetic code on DNA

58
Q

What is meant by phenotype

A

Physical appearances resulting in genotype

59
Q

Discuss the role of the cerebrum in the brain

A

Largest part of brain

Cerebral cortex- outer surface responsible for higher order functions eg: language

60
Q

What is the role of neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters trigger impulses and stimulate the brain eg: dopamine is associated with drive and motivation

61
Q

Discuss the role of hormones on behaviour

A

Stimulates receptions in cells that changes the cell activity eg: testosterone found to surge in ice hockey players during home games

62
Q

Discuss the strength of the scientific method in the biological approach

A

Experimental method which is ghost controlled
Allows establishment of cause and effect
Allows replicability

63
Q

Discuss the real world application of the biological approach

A

Provides clear predictions such as the effect of neurotransmitters and the behaviour of people genetically related
Applied to real world as it allows drug therapies to be created

64
Q

Discuss the issue of the biological approach ending too reductionist

A

Too simplified to say behaviour is the result of small components
Ignores other factors such as cognitive, emotional and cultural

65
Q

Discuss the issue of the evolutionary explanation as a limitation if the biological approach

A

Critics that established patterns of human behaviour are more impacted your cultural origins with no survival or reproductive value

66
Q

Give an example of how the evolutionary explanation criticises the biological approach

A

Incest taboos which most cultures have strict moral codes against are culturally determined.
evolutionary emphasises the problem of genetic mutations which would come from incest and natural selection would favour those who weren’t

67
Q

What is the fundamental belief of the psychodynamic approach

A

That all behaviour is motivated by unconscious material in the mind

68
Q

Discuss the role of the unconscious in the psychodynamic approach

A

Everyday actions are product of unconscious who is revealed in Freudian slips
Mind actively prevents traumatic experiences entering conscious mind through defence mechanisms

69
Q

When are defence mechanisms triggered

A

When an individual can’t deal with situation rationally.

70
Q

Give an example of a defence mechanism

A

Repression, where the unconscious blocks thoughts from entering consciousness in times of anxiety to stop it hurting us such as during early times of bereavement

71
Q

What are the this’s structures to the personality

A

ID
Ego
Superego

72
Q

Discuss the ID

A

Innate, containing basic instincts eg: libido

73
Q

Discuss the ego

A

Mediates e demands of the ID and superego

74
Q

Discuss the superego

A

Conscience and morality

75
Q

Discuss Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

Every child goes through 5 stages from age 0-10
If child has trauma at certain stage they become fixated at hat stage
Fault behaviour reflects characteristics of that stage
Eg: oral stage trauma could have adult behaviour having issues with the mouth ie: eating disorder

76
Q

Discuss the strength: psychoanalysis a pioneering approach

A

Represents huge shift in psychological thinking
New methodological procedures to gathering empirical evidence
Highlights potential of psychological treatments rather than biological leading to successful treatments: Maat found significant improvements in symptoms that were maintained in years after psychoanalysis

77
Q

Discuss scientific support for the psychoanalytic approach

A

Claims of psychoanalysis have been tested and confirmed using scientific methodology
Fisher and Greenberg found support for the existence of unconscious motivation in human behaviour as well as defence mechanisms of repression, denial and displacement

78
Q

Discuss the limitation that psychoanalysis is a gender-biased approach

A

Women’s sexuality were considered less developed
Horney, criticised Freudian theory on his views of women and their development as it dismissed women which is problematic as he treated many female patients and his theories are still being used today

79
Q

Discuss how psychoanalysis is a culture-biased approach

A

Sue and Sue: little relevance for those from non western cultures
Many cultural groups eg: China avoid thoughts that cause distress when a person is depressed. This differs to the talk about it approach psychoanalysis offers

80
Q

What is the fundamental principle of the humanistic approach

A

People have free will to choose path in life within the constraints imposed by other factors eg: biological and social

81
Q

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consider

A

Processes of growth and fulfilment to self actualisation

Focus on we,f, a positive regard and feeling of self-worth

82
Q

When does Congruence occur?

A

When revere is a match between our perceived self and ideal self

83
Q

Discuss conditions of self worth

A

Conditional love, acceptance causes conditions of worth including having to fulfil certain things they want you to do ie: educational expectations

84
Q

What is the position taken by a humanistic counsellor

A

Provide unconditional positive regard to express acceptance and understanding

85
Q

What is the aim of a humanist counsellor

A

To dissolve clients conditions of worth and the client to move towards being more authentic and true to self ie: able to behave in a way that is true to the person they are

Psychology AQA Paper 2 (23 decks)

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