experimental control Flashcards

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1
Q

experimental control

A

-ensuring only the iv changes across conditions

-avoiding alternative explanations:experimenter expenctacy effects,demand characteristics

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2
Q

optimizing our operational defenition

A

-avoiding ceeling and floor effects

-having an appropriate pairing of strong IV and sensitive DV

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3
Q

experimenter expanctacy effect

A

A cognitive bias that occurs when a researcher knows
what condition participants are in and therefore
intentionally or unintentionally manipulates an
experiment, thus impacting the findings.

thereat internal validity

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4
Q

ex:

A

maze bright/maze dull

1-participants were diveded intwo groups

2-one was told that their rats were super smart the other super stupid

3- they were told to see which one could do the maze faster

4- secretly the two animals were identical- not one was better then other

5- but the finding was that the ‘‘smart’’ rat was faster

6- the reason why probably was that the participants perhaps treated the rat better which inderactly caused the rat to act better

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5
Q

solution for experimenter expectacy effect

A

1-double blind study (reserch assistant and participants are blind to which one is getting the IV)

2-automated (computer ? )instructions

3-all conditions run simustaneous

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6
Q

demand characteristics

A

A demand characteristic is any feature of an
experiment that might inform participants of the
purpose of the study.

participants might try to help/hurt you
-be the good participants
-mess up the result
-socially desireability

sometimes a bit of deception is required

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7
Q

operational defenition of an IV manipulation

A

-straightfoward
-staged

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8
Q

straightfoward manipulation/simple and easy

A

Just present participants with something for the IV (e.g.
writing, pictures, video, etc) that will influence the DV

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9
Q

ex

A

-manipulate mood with music,a video, or a remenber a time when…..

(another)

-try to remeber as many words from the following list as u can

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10
Q

stage manipulation

A

1- try to inderetcly elicit a state

2- put particpansts in a position where they actually feel theyre in the situation

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11
Q

examples

A

1-elicit fustration by giving people an impossible task

1-elicit anger by having a confederate insut a participant

2- driving while on hands-free vs with a passenger

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12
Q

straight foward manipulation vs staged manipulation

A

Research question: Does thinking about old age impact
the behaviour of young people?

straight foward: ask participants to think about when they are 90 their expectations and afterwards walk around the room

staged manipulation: asked them to put words that relate to old age in order then ask them to walk around the room

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13
Q

deception

A

Often, we deceive subjects about the real purpose of
a study
₋ “Unrelated tasks” (filler tasks)
₋ Use of confederates or cover story
Attempt to avoid demand characteristics

ex:line studya,shock study

but a debrif us needed afterwards

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14
Q

straightfoward pros
(perception)

A

-simple
-cheap
-very common
-easy to pull of

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15
Q

cons

A

-sometimes quite
artificial…might not really
simulate the “real world”(low mundane
realism)

-demand characteristics

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16
Q

staged pros (deception)

A

-high experimental realism

-can often avoid demand
characteristics

17
Q

cons

A

-Tricky to pull off
-participants suspision
- hard to replicate
-lots can go wrong
-may be costly
-ethical?

18
Q

measuring variable

A
19
Q

celling effect

A
20
Q

*strenght of iV

A

can cause big changes in DV

-bigger contrast between Iv

21
Q

weak IV

A

may cause changes in Dv

smaller contrast between IV

22
Q

sensitivity of DV : tough

A

dificult to change

23
Q

*sensitivity of DV : sensitive

A

easy to change

24
Q

question wording

A

-simplicity
-double -barreld question (2 seperate question insted of one with two possible responses )
-loaded questions (not-biasest)
-negative wording: to complex (avoid not)

25
Q

creating survey question

A

-pre testing
-feed back
-have others asnwer the question
-revise questions

26
Q

additional

A

-response set
-social desirability

27
Q

operational defenition of a measured variable(DV)

A

-self-report
-behavioral
-physiological

28
Q

celing effect

A

the point at which an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable, when a kind of saturation has been reached

29
Q

floor effect

A

participants are all at minimum performence on DV so cant see effect of IV

30
Q

an IV can be

A

strong and cause big changes by having two different Ivs that are very different

or

where the difference between IV’s are pretty small and causes small changes in DV

31
Q

sensitivity of DV

A

a DV can be resistent to change or change easily

32
Q

weaker Iv are harder to detect then a strong IV

A
33
Q

Question wording
considerations (what is better in a questioneer/self-report?)

A

-simplicity(avoid jargon,abreviation,complexity)

-double barrel questions (with the word and )

-loaded question(bias)

-negative wordings (not,dont,cant)

34
Q

pre testing

A

Have others answer the questions
– Ask for feedback
– Revise questions that are unclear or
misunderstood
* OR use an existing & validated questionnaire

to know if the questions of the questioners are good

35
Q

response sets

A

a tendacy to respond to all questions from a particular perspective or ina particular way rather then providing the real answers

answering (from 1 to 10)
10,10,10

36
Q

social desirability

A

aswering questions how others would/what would be accepitable rather then the truth

37
Q

open-ended questions

A

pros:can get more complex and detail answers, can identify common themes

cons:responses may be ambigious, participants may interpret questions in differnt ways, time consuming to code

38
Q
A