EXPE Chapter 4: Alternatives to Experimentation Surveys and Interviews

Question 1

obtains data about opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors using questionnaires or interviews

Answer 1

Survey research

Question 2

Survey research

Answer 2

efficiently collect large amounts of data.

anonymous surveys can increase the accuracy of answers to sensitive questions. allow us to draw inferences about the causes of behavior and can complement laboratory and field experiments.

does not allow us to test hypotheses about causal relationships because we do not manipulate independent variables and control extraneous variables.

Question 3

can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units.

Answer 3

Closed questions (structured questions)

Question 3

Major Steps in Constructing Surveys

Answer 3

1. Identify specific research objectives.
2. Decide on the degree of imposition of units (degree of response restriction).
3. Decide how you will analyze the survey data.

Question 4

require that participants respond with more than a yes or 1-10 rating and have a low imposition of units.

Answer 4

Open-ended questions (open questions)

Question 4

measures the magnitude of the DV using equal intervals between values with no absolute zero point.

Answer 4

Interval (Measuring Responses)

Question 4

three concerns when constructing questions

Answer 4

Keep items simple and unambiguous, and avoid double negatives.

Avoid double-barreled (compound) questions that require responses about two or more unrelated ideas.

Use exhaustive response choices

Question 4

the tendency to guess or omit items when unsure.

Answer 4

Willingness to answer

Question 5

assigns items to two or more distinct categories that can be named using a shared feature, but does not measure their magnitude.

Answer 5

Nominal (Measuring Responses)

Question 5

measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using ranks, but does not assign precise values.

Answer 5

Ordinal (Measuring Responses)

Question 6

selecting an answer based on its position.

Answer 6

Position preference

Question 6

measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values and an absolute zero.

Answer 6

Ratio (Measuring Responses)

Question 7

are tendencies to respond to questions or test items without regard to their actual wording.

Answer 7

Response styles

Question 7

questions are asked the same way each time. This provides more usable, quantifiable data.

Answer 7

structured interviews

Question 8

agreeing with an item regardless of its manifest content.

Answer 8

Yea-saying

Question 8

the plain meaning of the words printed on the page.

Answer 8

Manifest content

Question 9

disagreeing with an item regardless of its manifest content.

Answer 9

Nay-saying

Question 10

response set is representing ourselves in a socially appropriate fashion when responding to a question’s latent content (underlying meaning).

Answer 10

social desirability

Question 11

changes in question interpretation due to their position within a survey.

Answer 11

Context effects

Question 12

unrelated questions

Answer 12

buffer items

Question 13

the interviewer can explore interesting topics as they arise. may not be usable for content analysis.

Answer 13

unstructured interviews

Question 14

consists of all people that share at least one characteristic

Answer 14

population

Question 15

a subset of the population of interest (population we are studying).

Answer 15

sample

Question 16

selecting subjects in such a way that the odds of their being in the study are known or can be calculated.

Answer 16

Probability sampling

Question 17

most basic form of probability sampling; a portion of the whole population is selected in an unbiased way

Answer 17

Simple Random Sampling

Question 18

all members of the population are known and can be listed in an unbiased way

Answer 18

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 19

used when populations have distinct subgroups; obtained by randomly sampling from people in each subgroup in the same proportions as they exist in the population

Answer 19

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 20

sample entire clusters or naturally occurring groups that exist within the population.

Answer 20

Cluster Sampling

Question 21

subjects are not chosen at random

Answer 21

Nonprobability sampling

Question 22

select samples through predetermined quotas that reflect the makeup of the population

Answer 22

Quota Sampling

Question 23

using any groups who happen to be available

Answer 23

Convenience Sampling

Question 24

when nonrandom samples are selected because the individuals reflect a specific purpose of the study

Answer 24

Purposive Sampling

Question 25

researcher locates one or a few people who fit the criteria and asks these people to find more people

Answer 25

Snowball Sampling