DEV CHAPTER 4 | EARLY CHILDHOOD Flashcards
a dense band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
CORPUS CALLOSUM
the ability to stop a behavior that has already begun
RESPONSE INHIBITION
the repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (involuntary or intentional)
ENURESIS
young children (age 3-4) have considerable difficulties in dividing their attention between two tasks
DIVIDED ATTENTION
the assumption that an object has only a single name
MUTUAL-EXCLUSIVITY BIAS
the ability to not initiate a behavior before you have evaluated all the information
RESPONSE INITIATION
the absence of, or an imperfect, second X chromosome
TURNER SYNDROME
parenting involves holding expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them.
PERMISSIVE
focus on external qualities (e.g., physical descriptors, favorite activities/possessions)
CATEGORICAL SELF
all types of abuse, neglect, and other potentially traumatic experiences that occur before the age of 18.
ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES)
typically occurs during the first two years of early childhood (24-36 months).
TOILET TRAINING
preoperational children have difficulty understanding that an object can be classified in more than one way.
CLASSIFICATION ERRORS
stores sensory input in its raw form for a very brief duration; essentially long enough for the brain to register and start processing the information.
SENSORY MEMORY/REGISTER
is common in early childhood for both boys and girls.
Self-stimulation
typically automated skills that do not require conscious recollection.
NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORIES / IMPLICIT MEMORIES
the ability to stay on task for long periods of time
SUSTAINED ATTENTION
relying on social interactions for learning.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST (Vygotsky)
Children’s behavior seems more random and without a specific goal. This is the least common form of play.
UNOCCUPIED PLAY
Children play by themselves, do not interact with others, nor are they engaging in similar activities as the children around them.
SOLITARY PLAY
A child’s vocabulary expands from about 200 words to over 10,000 words.
VOCABULARY GROWTH (2-6yrs old)
the expectations associated with being male or female
GENDER ROLES
defined as any sexual contact between a child and an adult or a much older child.
SEXUAL ABUSE:
children can be assisted in learning language by others who listen attentively, model more accurate pronunciations and encourage elaboration
THE IMPACT OF TRAINING
states that many of our gender stereotypes are so strong because we emphasize gender so much in culture.
DEVELOPMENTAL INTERGROUP THEORY
is the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.
SCAFFOLDING
focused on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of others
CENTRATION
argues that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (Bandura, 1997)
meaning that they understand and use two languages
BILINGUAL
refers to the ability to think about other people’s thoughts..
THEORY OF MIND
our ability to focus on a single task or stimulus, while ignoring distracting information.
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
making faulty inferences from one specific example to another.
TRANSDUCTIVE
refers to sexual contact between a child and family members.
INCEST
characterized by the child being able to mentally represent an object that is not present and a dependence on perception in problem solving
SYMBOLIC FUNCTION SUBSTAGE (2-4yrs)
both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that children actively try to understand the world around them
CONSTRUCTIVISM
which is also known as permanent memory. third component in memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY
the cultural, social and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity
GENDER
children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
refers to logical manipulation of information, so children at this stage are considered pre-operational
OPERATIONAL
genetic disorder caused by an increased production of androgens
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
During early childhood, there is wide variation in the number of hours of sleep recommended per day.
2yr olds - 15-16 hours per day
6yrs old - 7-8 hours
Understanding that two people may hold different beliefs about an object
FALSE BELIEF
Children play alongside each other, using similar toys, but do not directly act with each other.
PARALLEL PLAY
children can repeat words and phrases after having heard them only once or twice, but they do not always understand the meaning of the words or phrases.
LITERAL MEANINGS
the person rehearses previous material while adding in additional information
CLUSTERING REHEARSAL
NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS / Tips for Establishing Healthy Eating Patterns
Recognize that appetite varies.
Keep it pleasant.
No short order chefs.
Limit choices.
Serve balanced meals.
Do not bribe.
boys and girls are capable of erections and vaginal lubrication even before birth.
INFANCY
ability to switch our focus between tasks or external stimuli
DIVIDED ATTENTION or MULTITASKING
Children will interact with each other and share toys but are not working toward a common goal.
ASSOCIATIVE PLAY
children’s ability with selective attention tasks improve as they age. However, this ability is also greatly influenced by the child’s temperament
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
refers to the ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity.
CONSERVATION
when a person has one X and one Y chromosome, but is resistant to the male hormones or androgens
ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
Understanding that people may not always express their true emotions.
HIDDEN EMOTION
about 75 percent its adult weight by three years of age. By age 6, it is at 95 percent its adult weight
BRAIN WEIGHT
which occurs when they can almost perform a task, but not quite on their own without assistance.
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
children learn rules of grammar as they learn language but may apply these rules inappropriately at first.
OVERREGULARIZATION
Children’s art highlights many developmental changes.
CHILDREN’S ART
the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places (involuntary or intentional
ENCOPRESIS
the component of memory in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
SHORT-TERM OR WORKING MEMORY
also emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and imitation, but adds cognitive processes.
COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
conceptions of the attributes associated with femaleness or maleness.
GENDER SCHEMAS
a Russian psychologist who argued that culture has a major impact on a child’s cognitive development.
LEV VYGOTSKY (1896-1934)
parents are supportive and show interest in their kids’ activities but are not overbearing and allow them to make constructive mistakes
AUTHORITATIVE
the tendency of children to generate theories to explain everything they encounter.
THEORY
children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness
GENDER SCHEMA THEORY
understanding that people may or may not have access to information.
KNOWLEDGE ACCESS (knowledge/ignore)
memories for facts or events that we can consciously recollect
DECLARATIVE MEMORIES / EXPLICIT MEMORIES
A person’s sense of self as a member of a particular gender
GENDER IDENTITY
refers to self-regulatory processes, such as the ability to inhibit a behavior or cognitive flexibility, that enable adaptive responses to new situations or to reach a specific goal.
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION (EF)
words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known.
FAST-MAPPING
A component of episodic memory, our personal narrative.
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
the ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward
DELAYED GRATIFICATION
focuses on what young children learn about gender from society, including parents, peers, media, religious institutions, schools, and public policies.
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
understanding that two people may have different desires regarding the same object.
DIVERSE-DESIRES
understanding that two people may hold different beliefs about an object
DIVERSE-BELIEFS
those whose gender and sex assignment at birth matched.
CISGENDER CHILDREN
focuses on independent learning
COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVIST (Piaget)
the traditional model of parenting in which parents make the rules and children are expected to be obedient
AUTHORITARIAN
Children are interacting to achieve a common goal. Children may take on different tasks to reach that goal.
COOPERATIVE PLAY
refers to attributing life-like qualities to objects.
ANIMISM
is marked by greater dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception (children think automatically without using evidence)
INTUITIVE THOUGHT SUBSTAGE (4-7yrs)
memories for facts and knowledge that are not tied to a timeline
SEMANTIC MEMORIES
young children (age 3-4) have considerable difficulties in dividing their attention between two tasks
DIVIDED ATTENTION
those theorists who provide “new” interpretations of Piaget’s theory.
NEO-PIAGETIANS
a marked incongruence between one’s assigned gender and their experienced/expressed.
GENDER DYSPHORIA
born with either an absence or some combination of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes
INTERSEX
identifying with the gender opposite their natal sex.
TRANSGENDER
the ability to stay on task for long periods of time.
SUSTAINED ATTENTION
Pretending is a favorite activity at this time.
PRETEND PLAY
are tied to specific events in time.
EPISODIC MEMORIES
disengaged from their children. They do not make demands on their children and are non-responsive
UNINVOLVED PARENTS
an evaluative judgment about who we are.
SELF-ESTEEM
Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
our self-description according to various categories, such as our external and internal qualities
SELF-CONCEPT
Children are observing other children playing. They may comment on the activities and even make suggestions but will not directly join the play.
ONLOOKER PLAY
in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children not to be able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do
EGOCENTRISM
speech that is focused on the child and does not include another’s point of view.
EGOCENTRIC SPEECH
CORPUS CALLOSUM
a dense band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
RESPONSE INHIBITION
the ability to stop a behavior that has already begun
ENURESIS
the repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (involuntary or intentional)
DIVIDED ATTENTION
young children (age 3-4) have considerable difficulties in dividing their attention between two tasks
MUTUAL-EXCLUSIVITY BIAS
the assumption that an object has only a single name
RESPONSE INITIATION
the ability to not initiate a behavior before you have evaluated all the information
TURNER SYNDROME
the absence of, or an imperfect, second X chromosome
PERMISSIVE
parenting involves holding expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them.
CATEGORICAL SELF
focus on external qualities (e.g., physical descriptors, favorite activities/possessions)
ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES)
all types of abuse, neglect, and other potentially traumatic experiences that occur before the age of 18.
TOILET TRAINING
typically occurs during the first two years of early childhood (24-36 months).
CLASSIFICATION ERRORS
preoperational children have difficulty understanding that an object can be classified in more than one way.
SENSORY MEMORY/REGISTER
stores sensory input in its raw form for a very brief duration; essentially long enough for the brain to register and start processing the information.
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Self-stimulation is common in early childhood for both boys and girls.
NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORIES / IMPLICIT MEMORIES
typically automated skills that do not require conscious recollection.
SUSTAINED ATTENTION
the ability to stay on task for long periods of time
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST (Vygotsky)
relying on social interactions for learning.
UNOCCUPIED PLAY
Children’s behavior seems more random and without a specific goal. This is the least common form of play.
SOLITARY PLAY
Children play by themselves, do not interact with others, nor are they engaging in similar activities as the children around them.
VOCABULARY GROWTH (2-6yrs old)
A child’s vocabulary expands from about 200 words to over 10,000 words.
GENDER ROLES
the expectations associated with being male or female
SEXUAL ABUSE:
Childhood sexual abuse is defined as any sexual contact between a child and an adult or a much older child.
THE IMPACT OF TRAINING
children can be assisted in learning language by others who listen attentively, model more accurate pronunciations and encourage elaboration
DEVELOPMENTAL INTERGROUP THEORY
states that many of our gender stereotypes are so strong because we emphasize gender so much in culture.
SCAFFOLDING
is the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.
CENTRATION
focused on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of others
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (Bandura, 1997)
argues that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment
BILINGUAL
meaning that they understand and use two languages
THEORY OF MIND
refers to the ability to think about other people’s thoughts..
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
our ability to focus on a single task or stimulus, while ignoring distracting information.
TRANSDUCTIVE
making faulty inferences from one specific example to another.
INCEST
refers to sexual contact between a child and family members.
SYMBOLIC FUNCTION SUBSTAGE (2-4yrs)
characterized by the child being able to mentally represent an object that is not present and a dependence on perception in problem solving
CONSTRUCTIVISM
both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that children actively try to understand the world around them
LONG-TERM MEMORY
which is also known as permanent memory. third component in memory
GENDER
the cultural, social and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play
OPERATIONAL
refers to logical manipulation of information, so children at this stage are considered pre-operational
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
genetic disorder caused by an increased production of androgens
2yr olds - 15-16 hours per day
6yrs old - 7-8 hours
During early childhood, there is wide variation in the number of hours of sleep recommended per day.
FALSE BELIEF
Understanding that two people may hold different beliefs about an object
PARALLEL PLAY
Children play alongside each other, using similar toys, but do not directly act with each other.
LITERAL MEANINGS
children can repeat words and phrases after having heard them only once or twice, but they do not always understand the meaning of the words or phrases.
CLUSTERING REHEARSAL
the person rehearses previous material while adding in additional information
Recognize that appetite varies.
Keep it pleasant.
No short order chefs.
Limit choices.
Serve balanced meals.
Do not bribe.
NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS / Tips for Establishing Healthy Eating Patterns
INFANCY
boys and girls are capable of erections and vaginal lubrication even before birth.
DIVIDED ATTENTION or MULTITASKING
ability to switch our focus between tasks or external stimuli
ASSOCIATIVE PLAY
Children will interact with each other and share toys but are not working toward a common goal.
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
children’s ability with selective attention tasks improve as they age. However, this ability is also greatly influenced by the child’s temperament
CONSERVATION
refers to the ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity.
ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
when a person has one X and one Y chromosome, but is resistant to the male hormones or androgens
HIDDEN EMOTION
Understanding that people may not always express their true emotions.
BRAIN WEIGHT
about 75 percent its adult weight by three years of age. By age 6, it is at 95 percent its adult weight
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
which occurs when they can almost perform a task, but not quite on their own without assistance.
OVERREGULARIZATION
children learn rules of grammar as they learn language but may apply these rules inappropriately at first.
CHILDREN’S ART
Children’s art highlights many developmental changes.
ENCOPRESIS
the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places (involuntary or intentional
SHORT-TERM OR WORKING MEMORY
the component of memory in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
also emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and imitation, but adds cognitive processes.
GENDER SCHEMAS
conceptions of the attributes associated with femaleness or maleness.
LEV VYGOTSKY (1896-1934)
a Russian psychologist who argued that culture has a major impact on a child’s cognitive development.
AUTHORITATIVE
parents are supportive and show interest in their kids’ activities but are not overbearing and allow them to make constructive mistakes
THEORY
the tendency of children to generate theories to explain everything they encounter.
GENDER SCHEMA THEORY
children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness
KNOWLEDGE ACCESS (knowledge/ignore)
understanding that people may or may not have access to information.
DECLARATIVE MEMORIES / EXPLICIT MEMORIES
memories for facts or events that we can consciously recollect
GENDER IDENTITY
A person’s sense of self as a member of a particular gender
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION (EF)
refers to self-regulatory processes, such as the ability to inhibit a behavior or cognitive flexibility, that enable adaptive responses to new situations or to reach a specific goal.
FAST-MAPPING
words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known.
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
A component of episodic memory, our personal narrative.
DELAYED GRATIFICATION
the ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
focuses on what young children learn about gender from society, including parents, peers, media, religious institutions, schools, and public policies.
DIVERSE-DESIRES
understanding that two people may have different desires regarding the same object.
DIVERSE-BELIEFS
understanding that two people may hold different beliefs about an object
CISGENDER CHILDREN
those whose gender and sex assignment at birth matched.
COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVIST (Piaget)
focuses on independent learning
AUTHORITARIAN
the traditional model of parenting in which parents make the rules and children are expected to be obedient
COOPERATIVE PLAY
Children are interacting to achieve a common goal. Children may take on different tasks to reach that goal.
ANIMISM
refers to attributing life-like qualities to objects.
INTUITIVE THOUGHT SUBSTAGE (4-7yrs)
is marked by greater dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception (children think automatically without using evidence)
SEMANTIC MEMORIES
memories for facts and knowledge that are not tied to a timeline
DIVIDED ATTENTION
young children (age 3-4) have considerable difficulties in dividing their attention between two tasks
NEO-PIAGETIANS
those theorists who provide “new” interpretations of Piaget’s theory.
GENDER DYSPHORIA
a marked incongruence between one’s assigned gender and their experienced/expressed.
INTERSEX
born with either an absence or some combination of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes
TRANSGENDER
identifying with the gender opposite their natal sex.
SUSTAINED ATTENTION
the ability to stay on task for long periods of time.
PRETEND PLAY
Pretending is a favorite activity at this time.
EPISODIC MEMORIES
are tied to specific events in time.
UNINVOLVED PARENTS
disengaged from their children. They do not make demands on their children and are non-responsive
SELF-ESTEEM
an evaluative judgment about who we are.
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm
SELF-CONCEPT
our self-description according to various categories, such as our external and internal qualities
ONLOOKER PLAY
Children are observing other children playing. They may comment on the activities and even make suggestions but will not directly join the play.
EGOCENTRISM
in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children not to be able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do
EGOCENTRIC SPEECH
speech that is focused on the child and does not include another’s point of view.
