DEV CHAPTER 2 | HEREDITY, PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, AND BIRTH Flashcards
specific sequence of nucleotides and are recipes for making proteins
Genes
the cell’s nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.
Mitosis
the gamete’s chromosomes duplicate, and then divide twice resulting in four cells containing only half the genetic material of the original gamete
meiosis
refers to the sum total of all the genes a person inherits
genotype
refers to the features that are actually expressed.
phenotype
we may receive either the same version of a gene from our mother and father
homozygous
If we receive a different version of the gene from each parent
heterozygous
express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the gene
dominant genes
express themselves only when paired with a similar version gene
recessive genes
geneticists refer to different versions of a gene
alleles
meaning they are the result of several genes
polygenic
sometimes the dominant gene does not completely suppress the recessive gene
incomplete dominance
occur when a fertilized egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development
Monozygotic or identical twins
those who have inherited only one recessive-gene
carriers
two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm
dizygotic or fraternal twins
the defective gene is found on the X-chromosome
sex-linked
The individual inherits a gene change from both parents. If the gene is inherited from just one parent, the person is a carrier and does not have the condition.
Recessive Disorders (Homozygous):
a condition in which the red blood cells in the body are shaped like a sickle (like the letter C) and affect the ability of the blood to transport oxygen.
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
a condition that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus building up in the body, especially the lungs and digestive system.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
a tic disorder which results in uncontrollable motor and vocal tics as well as body jerking.
Tourette Syndrome
a metabolic disorder in which the individual cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
caused by enzyme deficiency resulting in the accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain
Tay Sachs Disease
when the individual lacks melanin and possesses little to no pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.
Albinism
In order to have the disorder, the individual only needs to inherit the gene change from one parent
Autosomal Dominant Disorders (Heterozygous):
a condition that affects the individual’s nervous system. Nerve cells become damaged, causing various parts of the brain to deteriorate.
Huntington’s Disease
the most common form of disproportionate short stature. The individual has abnormal bone growth resulting in short stature.
Achondroplasia
When the X chromosome carries the mutated gene, the disorder is referred to as an X-linked disorder.
Sex-Linked Disorders
occurs when the body cannot make enough of a protein it needs for the brain to grow and problems with learning and behavior can occur
Fragile X Syndrome
occurs when there are problems in blood clotting causing both internal and external bleeding
Hemophilia
a weakening of the muscles resulting in an inability to move, wasting away, and possible death.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
when the abnormality is on 23rd pair
sex-linked chromosomal abnormality
The individual inherits too many or two few chromosomes.
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
caused by an extra chromosome 21 and includes a combination of birth defects.
Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21
occurs when a child inherits too many or two few chromosomes.
chromosomal abnormality
occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition
Turner syndrome
caused by an extra chromosome 13. Affected individuals have multiple birth defects and generally die in the first weeks or months of life.
Trisomy 13
caused by an extra chromosome 18 and the affected individual also has multiple birth defects and early death.
Trisomy 18
The disorder occurs on chromosome pair #23 or the sex chromosomes.
Sex-Linked Chromosomal Disorders:
results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
A service that assists individuals identify, test for, and explain potential genetic conditions that could adversely affect themselves or their offspring
Genetic Counseling
the scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior.
Behavioral Genetics
the processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment. involve genetic susceptibility to the environment.
Genotype-Environment Correlations
correlation occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides.
Passive genotype-environment
correlation refers to how the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics.
Evocative genotype-environment
occurs when individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies
Active genotype-environment correlation
studies modifications in DNA that affect gene expression and are passed on when the cells divide
Epigenetics
lasts from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus.
The germinal period (about 14 days in length)
the cell containing the combined genetic information from both parents
zygote
consists of both an inner and outer group of cells.
blastocyst
the inner group of cells that will become the embryo
embryonic disk
the outer group of cells that becomes the support system which nourishes the developing organism
trophoblast
starting the third week the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall
The embryonic period
multicellular organism upon implantation
embryo
a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
placenta
cephalocaudal development
from head to tail
from the midline outward
proximodistal development
from the ninth week until birth, the organism is referred to as a fetus.
The fetal period
the first chance of survival outside the womb reached at about 24 weeks
age of viability
begins in the third gestational week with the differentiation of stem cells, which are capable of producing all the different cells that make up the brain
Prenatal brain development
the location of these stem cells in the embryo
neural plate
the formation of neurons
Neurogenesis
regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies
gray matter
the axons that form the neural pathways
white matter
study of factors that contribute to birth defects
teratology
environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects
teratogens
Factors influencing prenatal risks:
The timing of the exposure. Structures in the body are vulnerable to the most severe damage when they are forming.
The amount of exposure: Some substances are not harmful unless the amounts reach a certain level.
The number of teratogens: Fetuses exposed to multiple teratogens typically have more problems than those exposed to only one.
Enumerate teratogens & definitions
- Genetics
- Being male or female
- Alcohol
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
- Binge drinking
- Tobacco
- Prescription/Over-the-counter Drugs
- Illicit Drugs
- Pollutants
(fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus) tobacco use during pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight
ecotopic pregnancy
placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix
placenta previa
placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall
placenta abruption
toxins from tobacco smoke that linger on clothing, furniture, and in locations where smoking has occurred
thirdhand smoke
if a baby’s mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy that baby can get addicted to the drug before birth and go through drug withdrawal after birth
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Types of pollutants
Lead, Pesticides, Bisphenol A, Radiation, Mercury
an infection caused by the tiny parasite, toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis
Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia are ________ that can be passed to the fetus by an infected mother
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
One of the main ways children under age 13 become infected is via mother-to-child transmission of the virus prenatally, during labor, or by breastfeeding
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
an infection that causes mild flu-like symptoms and a rash on the skin. If the mother contracts the disease during the first three months of pregnancy, damage can occur in the eyes, ears, heart or brain of the unborn child
German measles (or rubella):
Maternal Factors & its definitions
- Mothers over 35
- Teenage Pregnancy
- Gestational Diabetes
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
- Rh Disease
- Weight Gain during Pregnancy
- Stress
- Depression
- Paternal Impact
a test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus. one of the main screening tests done in combination with blood tests
ultrasound
a procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested
Amniocentesis
a procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
eggs are removed from the female and are fertilized outside the woman’s body
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
involves implanting both sperm and ova into the fallopian tube and fertilization is allowed to occur naturally
gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)
sperm and ova are fertilized outside of the woman’s body and the fertilized egg is then implanted in the fallopian tube.
Zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer (ZIFT)
Major Complications of Pregnancy
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Preeclampsia / Toxemia
- Eclampsia
- Maternal Mortality
- Spontaneous abortion
a sharp rise in blood pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine as a result of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy
Preeclampsia / Toxemia
experienced in an estimated 20-40 percent of undiagnosed pregnancies and in another 10 percent of diagnosed pregnancies
Spontaneous abortion
occurs when the zygote becomes attached to the fallopian tube before reaching the uterus.
Ectopic Pregnancy
condition when preeclampsia causes seizures
Eclampsia
Acording to the CDC (2019), about 700 American women die from complications related to pregnancy each year, and this number is rising
Maternal Mortality
teaching the woman to be in control in the process of delivery
The Lamaze Method
The vast majority of births occur in a hospital setting
Choosing Where to Have the Baby and Who Will Deliver
begins with uterine contractions that may initially last about 30 seconds and be spaced 15 to 20 minutes apart.
Some women experience __________________
The First Stage of labor / false labor or Braxton-Hicks contractions
involves the passage of the baby through the birth canal
The Second Stage of Labor
relatively painless. During this stage, the placenta or afterbirth is delivered.
Third Stage of Labor
Preparation for Childbirth
- The Lamaze Method
- Choosing Where to Have the Baby and Who Will Deliver
newborn might also have a low birth weight if it is born at less than 37 weeks gestation
Preterm:
a regional analgesic that can be used during labor and alleviates most pain in the lower body without slowing labor.
epidural block
surgery to deliver the baby by being removed through the mother’s abdomen
Cesarean section (C-section)
delivered before labor begins
induced
a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain
Anoxia
he or she weighs less than 5 pounds 8 ounces
low birth weight
characterized by weak and irregular breathing
respiratory distress syndrome
a type of depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following pregnancy
peripartum onset of depression
are feelings of sadness that occur 3 to 5 days after having a baby, and typically disappear usually within 10 days of the birth
baby blues
Infants that have birth weights that are below expectation based on their gestational age
Small-for-Date Infants
