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EXPE/DEV PSYCH 2.0 > DEV CHAPTER 2 | HEREDITY, PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, AND BIRTH > Flashcards

DEV CHAPTER 2 | HEREDITY, PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, AND BIRTH Flashcards

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1
Q

specific sequence of nucleotides and are recipes for making proteins

A

Genes

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2
Q

the cell’s nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

the gamete’s chromosomes duplicate, and then divide twice resulting in four cells containing only half the genetic material of the original gamete

A

meiosis

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4
Q

refers to the sum total of all the genes a person inherits

A

genotype

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5
Q

refers to the features that are actually expressed.

A

phenotype

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6
Q

we may receive either the same version of a gene from our mother and father

A

homozygous

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7
Q

If we receive a different version of the gene from each parent

A

heterozygous

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8
Q

express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the gene

A

dominant genes

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9
Q

express themselves only when paired with a similar version gene

A

recessive genes

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10
Q

geneticists refer to different versions of a gene

A

alleles

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11
Q

meaning they are the result of several genes

A

polygenic

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12
Q

sometimes the dominant gene does not completely suppress the recessive gene

A

incomplete dominance

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13
Q

occur when a fertilized egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development

A

Monozygotic or identical twins

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14
Q

those who have inherited only one recessive-gene

A

carriers

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15
Q

two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm

A

dizygotic or fraternal twins

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16
Q

the defective gene is found on the X-chromosome

A

sex-linked

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17
Q

The individual inherits a gene change from both parents. If the gene is inherited from just one parent, the person is a carrier and does not have the condition.

A

Recessive Disorders (Homozygous):

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18
Q

a condition in which the red blood cells in the body are shaped like a sickle (like the letter C) and affect the ability of the blood to transport oxygen.

A

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

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19
Q

a condition that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus building up in the body, especially the lungs and digestive system.

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

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20
Q

a tic disorder which results in uncontrollable motor and vocal tics as well as body jerking.

A

Tourette Syndrome

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21
Q

a metabolic disorder in which the individual cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid.

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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22
Q

caused by enzyme deficiency resulting in the accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain

A

Tay Sachs Disease

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23
Q

when the individual lacks melanin and possesses little to no pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

A

Albinism

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24
Q

In order to have the disorder, the individual only needs to inherit the gene change from one parent

A

Autosomal Dominant Disorders (Heterozygous):

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25
Q

a condition that affects the individual’s nervous system. Nerve cells become damaged, causing various parts of the brain to deteriorate.

A

Huntington’s Disease

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26
Q

the most common form of disproportionate short stature. The individual has abnormal bone growth resulting in short stature.

A

Achondroplasia

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27
Q

When the X chromosome carries the mutated gene, the disorder is referred to as an X-linked disorder.

A

Sex-Linked Disorders

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28
Q

occurs when the body cannot make enough of a protein it needs for the brain to grow and problems with learning and behavior can occur

A

Fragile X Syndrome

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29
Q

occurs when there are problems in blood clotting causing both internal and external bleeding

A

Hemophilia

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30
Q

a weakening of the muscles resulting in an inability to move, wasting away, and possible death.

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

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31
Q

when the abnormality is on 23rd pair

A

sex-linked chromosomal abnormality

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32
Q

The individual inherits too many or two few chromosomes.

A

Autosomal Chromosome Disorders

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33
Q

caused by an extra chromosome 21 and includes a combination of birth defects.

A

Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21

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34
Q

occurs when a child inherits too many or two few chromosomes.

A

chromosomal abnormality

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35
Q

occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition

A

Turner syndrome

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36
Q

caused by an extra chromosome 13. Affected individuals have multiple birth defects and generally die in the first weeks or months of life.

A

Trisomy 13

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37
Q

caused by an extra chromosome 18 and the affected individual also has multiple birth defects and early death.

A

Trisomy 18

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38
Q

The disorder occurs on chromosome pair #23 or the sex chromosomes.

A

Sex-Linked Chromosomal Disorders:

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39
Q

results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male

A

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

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40
Q

A service that assists individuals identify, test for, and explain potential genetic conditions that could adversely affect themselves or their offspring

A

Genetic Counseling

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41
Q

the scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior.

A

Behavioral Genetics

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42
Q

the processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment. involve genetic susceptibility to the environment.

A

Genotype-Environment Correlations

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43
Q

correlation occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides.

A

Passive genotype-environment

44
Q

correlation refers to how the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics.

A

Evocative genotype-environment

45
Q

occurs when individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies

A

Active genotype-environment correlation

46
Q

studies modifications in DNA that affect gene expression and are passed on when the cells divide

A

Epigenetics

47
Q

lasts from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus.

A

The germinal period (about 14 days in length)

48
Q

the cell containing the combined genetic information from both parents

A

zygote

49
Q

consists of both an inner and outer group of cells.

A

blastocyst

50
Q

the inner group of cells that will become the embryo

A

embryonic disk

51
Q

the outer group of cells that becomes the support system which nourishes the developing organism

A

trophoblast

52
Q

starting the third week the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall

A

The embryonic period

53
Q

multicellular organism upon implantation

A

embryo

54
Q

a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

A

placenta

55
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

from head to tail

56
Q

from the midline outward

A

proximodistal development

57
Q

from the ninth week until birth, the organism is referred to as a fetus.

A

The fetal period

58
Q

the first chance of survival outside the womb reached at about 24 weeks

A

age of viability

59
Q

begins in the third gestational week with the differentiation of stem cells, which are capable of producing all the different cells that make up the brain

A

Prenatal brain development

60
Q

the location of these stem cells in the embryo

A

neural plate

61
Q

the formation of neurons

A

Neurogenesis

62
Q

regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies

A

gray matter

63
Q

the axons that form the neural pathways

A

white matter

64
Q

study of factors that contribute to birth defects

A

teratology

65
Q

environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects

A

teratogens

66
Q

Factors influencing prenatal risks:

A

The timing of the exposure. Structures in the body are vulnerable to the most severe damage when they are forming.

The amount of exposure: Some substances are not harmful unless the amounts reach a certain level.

The number of teratogens: Fetuses exposed to multiple teratogens typically have more problems than those exposed to only one.

67
Q

Enumerate teratogens & definitions

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Being male or female
  3. Alcohol
  4. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
  5. Binge drinking
  6. Tobacco
  7. Prescription/Over-the-counter Drugs
  8. Illicit Drugs
  9. Pollutants
68
Q

(fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus) tobacco use during pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight

A

ecotopic pregnancy

69
Q

placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix

A

placenta previa

70
Q

placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall

A

placenta abruption

71
Q

toxins from tobacco smoke that linger on clothing, furniture, and in locations where smoking has occurred

A

thirdhand smoke

72
Q

if a baby’s mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy that baby can get addicted to the drug before birth and go through drug withdrawal after birth

A

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

73
Q

Types of pollutants

A

Lead, Pesticides, Bisphenol A, Radiation, Mercury

74
Q

an infection caused by the tiny parasite, toxoplasma gondii

A

toxoplasmosis

75
Q

Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia are ________ that can be passed to the fetus by an infected mother

A

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

76
Q

One of the main ways children under age 13 become infected is via mother-to-child transmission of the virus prenatally, during labor, or by breastfeeding

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

77
Q

an infection that causes mild flu-like symptoms and a rash on the skin. If the mother contracts the disease during the first three months of pregnancy, damage can occur in the eyes, ears, heart or brain of the unborn child

A

German measles (or rubella):

78
Q

Maternal Factors & its definitions

A
  1. Mothers over 35
  2. Teenage Pregnancy
  3. Gestational Diabetes
  4. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
  5. Rh Disease
  6. Weight Gain during Pregnancy
  7. Stress
  8. Depression
  9. Paternal Impact
79
Q

a test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus. one of the main screening tests done in combination with blood tests

A

ultrasound

80
Q

a procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested

A

Amniocentesis

81
Q

a procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested.

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling

82
Q

an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

83
Q

eggs are removed from the female and are fertilized outside the woman’s body

A

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

84
Q

involves implanting both sperm and ova into the fallopian tube and fertilization is allowed to occur naturally

A

gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)

85
Q

sperm and ova are fertilized outside of the woman’s body and the fertilized egg is then implanted in the fallopian tube.

A

Zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer (ZIFT)

86
Q

Major Complications of Pregnancy

A
  1. Ectopic Pregnancy
  2. Preeclampsia / Toxemia
  3. Eclampsia
  4. Maternal Mortality
  5. Spontaneous abortion
87
Q

a sharp rise in blood pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine as a result of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy

A

Preeclampsia / Toxemia

88
Q

experienced in an estimated 20-40 percent of undiagnosed pregnancies and in another 10 percent of diagnosed pregnancies

A

Spontaneous abortion

89
Q

occurs when the zygote becomes attached to the fallopian tube before reaching the uterus.

A

Ectopic Pregnancy

90
Q

condition when preeclampsia causes seizures

A

Eclampsia

91
Q

Acording to the CDC (2019), about 700 American women die from complications related to pregnancy each year, and this number is rising

A

Maternal Mortality

92
Q

teaching the woman to be in control in the process of delivery

A

The Lamaze Method

93
Q

The vast majority of births occur in a hospital setting

A

Choosing Where to Have the Baby and Who Will Deliver

94
Q

begins with uterine contractions that may initially last about 30 seconds and be spaced 15 to 20 minutes apart.

Some women experience __________________

A

The First Stage of labor / false labor or Braxton-Hicks contractions

95
Q

involves the passage of the baby through the birth canal

A

The Second Stage of Labor

96
Q

relatively painless. During this stage, the placenta or afterbirth is delivered.

A

Third Stage of Labor

97
Q

Preparation for Childbirth

A
  1. The Lamaze Method
  2. Choosing Where to Have the Baby and Who Will Deliver
98
Q

newborn might also have a low birth weight if it is born at less than 37 weeks gestation

A

Preterm:

99
Q

a regional analgesic that can be used during labor and alleviates most pain in the lower body without slowing labor.

A

epidural block

100
Q

surgery to deliver the baby by being removed through the mother’s abdomen

A

Cesarean section (C-section)

101
Q

delivered before labor begins

A

induced

102
Q

a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain

A

Anoxia

103
Q

he or she weighs less than 5 pounds 8 ounces

A

low birth weight

104
Q

characterized by weak and irregular breathing

A

respiratory distress syndrome

105
Q

a type of depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following pregnancy

A

peripartum onset of depression

106
Q

are feelings of sadness that occur 3 to 5 days after having a baby, and typically disappear usually within 10 days of the birth

A

baby blues

107
Q

Infants that have birth weights that are below expectation based on their gestational age

A

Small-for-Date Infants

EXPE/DEV PSYCH 2.0 (18 decks)

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