expansion in africa

Question 1

motivations for african expansion:

trade and economy

Answer 1

wanted to acquire gold and ivory from elephant tusks

by the time britain had outlawed the slave trade in 1807, 3 million africans had been exported

opened up new trade routes

discovery of minerals and resources

coal and timber needed in britain

cycle of dependency developed between britain and africa

explorers

Question 2

motivations for african expansion:

personal influence

Answer 2

merchant imperialists such as george goldie and cecil rhodes, and capitalised on new commodities - found fame and fortune

victorian explorers

Question 3

motivations for african expansion:

strategic factors

Answer 3

demanded protection in west africa

the cape - climate and deep water ports held advantages

Question 4

motivations for african expansion:

moral factors

Answer 4

christian missionaries saw it as their duty to spread their faith amongst non christians - 12,000 by 1900

believed the empire was a force for civilisation

Question 5

motivations for african expansion:

other factors

Answer 5

located palm oil, gold and diamonds which merchants sought to exploit and trade

congo river not charted until 1867

Question 6

david livingston

Answer 6

first travelled to south africa in 1841

missionary doctor

1866 - went missing while trying to locate the source of the nile

wanted to open up a path for commerce and christianity

wanted to eradicate slavery - didn’t agree with it, called it the ‘trade of hell’

wrote 20 books and 2000 letters which made him popular

educated indigenous people - translated bible into local languages

Question 7

richard burton

Answer 7

linguistic scholar, explorer and adventurer

went to mecca disguised as a muslim

wounded in the jaw by a native’s javelin while exploring somaliland in 1855

competed with john speke to find the source of the nile, but was unsuccessful after contracting malaria, refused to believe speke was correct

produced 43 volumes on his expeditions and 30 volumes of the translations of the ‘kama sutra’ and a 16 volume edition of ‘arabian nights’

acquired a wild reputation for his daring essays on pornography, homosexuality and the sexual education of women

Question 8

john speke

Answer 8

joined burton’s somaliland expedition in 1855 to find the source of the nile

became one of two first europeans to reach lake tanganyika in 1858

named a great lake victoria after the queen

his conclusion that the lake was the source of the nile was disputed by many, including richard burton

found that lake albert was the source of the nile

killed by his own gun while crossing a stile

Question 9

influence of missionaries

Answer 9

led imperial expansion in the congo, china and fiji - they shared strategic with european invaders in return for protection

methodists were keen missionaries - john mackenzie led expansion in bechuanaland (modern botswana) methodists set up conferences to oversee missions in south africa, australia, canada and new zealand

in punjab missionaries came after after imperial conquests, however in the rest of india, after the mutiny, many christian missionaries were expelled

sometimes they improved the lives of missionaries, mary slessor stopped twin killings in nigeria. sometimes they came into conflict with britain - nigeria region anglicans expelled - first black bishop samuel crowther for being too tolerant of heathen practices in 1891

sometimes missionaries challenged imperial authority/ resisted imperial rule - south africa educated black students when colonial governments forbade this practice