existential and humanistic Flashcards
what did victor frankl study
meaning
what did victor frankl discover
human nature is motivated by a search for lifes purpose
logotherapy
supplements therapy
what did rollo may study
anxiety and love
what did rollo may discover
love is intentionally willed by an individual, whereas sexual desire is the complete opposite
what did irvin yalom study
death
freedom
isolation
meaninglessness
what did irvin yalom discoer
existential therapy can be integrated in any form of psychotherapy
what does existentialism say about people
the significance of our existence is never fixed once and for all, we continually recreate ourselves
humans are in a constant state of transition, emerging, evolving and becoming
being human, discovering and making sense of our existence, continuously questioning ourselves, others and the world
continuously questions who am I who have I been whom can I become etc
what are the levels of existence for existential therapy
umwelt
mitwelt
eigenwelt
authenticity
lying
what is umwelt
ourselves in relation to the physical world around us
what is mitwelt
refers to individuals social and cultural world
what is eigenwelt
how we reflect on own self
being oneself
what does authenticity bring
brings openness to nature, to others and ourselves
what is the root of psychopathology from an existential perspective
lying to self, other or nature
what happens if we avoid existential anxiety
results in an imbalance in how we relate to the world
what is normal anxiety
healthy life force that is necessary for survival
what is neurotic anxiety
about concrete things out of proportion to the situation
typically comes out of awareness
can immobilise the person
what are the things that cause existential anxiety
meaninglessness
death
freedom
isolation
what is an existential vacuum
the absence of meaning
what does existential vacuum lead to
anxiety
despair
depression
confusion
what is the belief of death for 6-puberty
children merely observe and model parental attitude
what is the belief of death for teens
emerges with force
games
reckless behaviour
horror movies
what is the belief of death for mid-life crisis
death anxiety emerges once more
what happens when our need to escape death anxiety
behaviours may arise such as sexually acting out, unfaithfulness, self success sabotage, addictions, workaholic, heroic acts
why does freedom create anxiety
because it confronts us with both the responsibilities and uncertainties of the outcomes of our choices
what is the central focus of existential therapy
isolation
what is isolation
an unbridgeable gap between oneself and any other being
what is the solution to isolation
there is no solution
examples of unhealthy isolation
constant searching for love
existing only in the eyes of others
enduring unsatisfactory relationships
compulsive sexuality
ultimate rescuer
putting the needs of others first
how does existential therapy support change
assisting clients in moving towards authenticity and learning to recognise when they are deceiving themselves
helping clients face anxiety and engage in action that is based on creating a worthy existence
helping clients reclaim their lives by teaching them to listen to themselves/what they already know
help clients become more present
assist clients in identifying personal blockers stopping them from reaching their full potential
encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives
therapeutic techniques for existential therapy
its not technique oriented
if you want to apply techniques from another model for existential therapy how must you do it
applied in an integrated fashion
what does existential therapy require
requires the counsellor to be authentic
recognise transference and address them
recognise resistance and address them
what is an I-thou relationship
we relate to each other as authentic beings, without judgment, qualification, or objectification
(I meet you as you are, you meet me as who I am)
what is an I-it relationship
we relate to another as object, completely outside of ourselves (eg. seeing them only as filling a purpose eg. barister, cashier, waiter)
what type of relationship is key for existential therapy
I-thou
when did humanism arose
late 1950s
why did humanism arise
in response to the behaviourist and psychoanalytic schools of though
what does humanism believe?
that humans are innately good
what does humanism believe the strongest force of life is
morality, ethical values, and good intentions
what therapeutic techniques does humanism pull from
Rogerian person-centred therapy
what is the goal of humanism therapy
self-actualisation
what does humanism therapy reject
the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviourism
what does humanism believe we behave as we do
we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation
in regards to humanism, what is every individual considered as
potentially competent
what are the characteristics of a fully functioning person in the eyes of humanism
is open to experience, is non-defensive
emphasizes fully living in the moment
trust in oneself
has the ability to freely make choices and takes responsibility for their own choices, highly self-directed
embraces a life of creativity and adaptation, including an abandonment of conformity
has the ability to behave reliably and make constructive choices
what are the levels of Maslows hierarchy of needs (by bottom of the pyramid to the top)
- physiological
- safety
- love/belonging
- esteem
- self-actualisation
what does the physiological level of maslows hierarchy of needs represent
breathing
food
water
sex
sleep
homeostasis
excretion
what does the safety level of maslows hierarchy of needs represent
security of:
body
employment
resources
morality
the family
health
property
what does love/belonging represent in maslows hierarchy of needs
friendship
family
sexual intimacy
what does esteem represent in maslows hierarchy of needs
self-esteem
confidence
achievement
respect of others
respect by others
what does self-actualisation represent in maslows hierarchy of needs
morality
creativity
spontaneity
problem solving
lack of prejudice
acceptance of facts
what is required for the self to become who they truly are
involves an openness to experience
a trust in ones experience
an internal frame of reference and willingness to be in process
rather than viewing the individual as controlled by a ‘mass of drives’ like his predecessors, rogers considered all strivings to be:
different facets of the one tendency
what is an actualising tendency in all individuals
a survival instinct
this internal drive that leads people toward growth, development, and realisation of their fullest potential
what is self concept
the organised, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself
what is self concept central to
its a central component of our total experience
what does our self concept influence
both our perception of the world and perception of oneself
how does humanism believe problems arise
we develop a need for positive regard for oneself that we begin to regard ourselves in the way others view us. Some behaviours are regarded positively but don’t satisfy us. This can create conditions of worth and the more conditions the more problems
what are conditions of worth
we can only see ourselves positively when we live within conditions seen positively by others
characteristics of incongruent
the self-image is different to the ideal self
there is only a small overlap between self image and ideal self
self actualisation will be difficult to achieve
characteristics of congruent
the self image is similar to the ideal self
there is more overlap between self image and ideal self
congruent individuals can self-actualise
what is the purpose of Rogers humanistic therapy
is to increase a persons feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more a fully functioning person
characteristics of humanistic therapy
genuineness
unconditional positive regard
respect
empathic understanding of the clients world
client feels understood and accepted
what is empathy in a therapeutic setting
the counsellor is separate from the client, but experiences their sense of the clients world as if they were the client without being burdened by their own reactions
what is unconditional positive regard
accepting the person completely in a non-judgemental way, as the person they are
what does unconditional positive regard believe each person has
their own personal resources
what is at the heart of unconditional positive regard
hope
what is genuineness or congruence in therapeutic relationship
the therapist is deeply themselves, with their actual experience accurately represented by awareness of themselves. It is the opposite of presenting a facade either knowingly or unknowingly
the therapeutic process of humanistic therapy
develop a safe and trusting therapeutic environment
develop good rapport
client defines and clarify their own goals
self-exploration and self-reflection
develop from external valuing to internal valuing
help to reduce the facade and increase authenticity
develop towards more harmony between ideal self and real self
develop healthy self esteem
move towards self-actualisation
