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PYB208 counselling theory and practice 1 > cognitive and behaviourism: 2nd force > Flashcards

cognitive and behaviourism: 2nd force Flashcards

1
Q

when was the first wave of behaviourism

A

1920s-1960s

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2
Q

how is the new approach to behaviour therapy different

A

shifted away from psychiatric treatment for psychological disorders (medication and physical treatments)
deliberate move towards new school of psychology
- revolution not evolution
psychology is the science of behaviour not the study of consciousness

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3
Q

what is behaviourism opinion on psychoanalitic method

A

behaviourism is against the psychoanalytical approach

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4
Q

what is psychology

A

psychology is the science of behaviour not the study of consciousness

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5
Q

what does behaviourism put a large emphasis on

A

learning

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6
Q

behaviourism moved away from freud and towards what

A

science
- tangible, measurable, observable

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7
Q

what is habituation

A

the simplest form of learning
as we become used to a stimulus we tend to get used to it
eg. the sound of a clock ticking

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8
Q

when is measuring habituation used

A

to understand how learning happens
to do studies infants and nonverbal people

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9
Q

who invented classical conditioning

A

ivan pavlov

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10
Q

classical conditioning

A

dog study when dog salviated when looking at food (unconditioned stimulus and response). Then rang bell when getting food and dog would salivate to the bell (neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus)

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11
Q

john b watson experiment

A

little albert

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12
Q

what is little albert experiment

A

made loud noises when rat came out and caused the baby to develop a conditioned fear response to anything similar to the white rat

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13
Q

what did the little albert experiment lead to

A

generalisation

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14
Q

what is generalisation

A

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

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15
Q

what did the albert experiment discover

A

that phobias are a learnt response

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16
Q

who invented operant conditioning

A

bf skinner

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17
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

we learn what works and what doesnt and we stop doing what doesnt

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18
Q

how do animals learn

A

operant conditioning

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19
Q

what is the difference between operant and classical conditioning

A

operant needs an active participation whereas classical conditioning can be done to other people eg. little albert

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20
Q

where is behaviourism used today

A

classrooms
prisons
parenting
drug and alcohol
social learning theory
phobias

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21
Q

how is behaviourism used in the classroom

A

behaviour modification
star charts
time outs

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22
Q

how is behaviourism used in prisons

A

token systems

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23
Q

how is behaviourism used for phobias

A

desensitisation

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24
Q

what is cognitive therapy

A

the idea that the way we make sense of things is dependent on the way we interpret different situations

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25
Q

key difference between psychoanalytic and behaviouris/cognitive behaviourism

A

behaviourism is interested in the present

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26
Q

does behaviourism believe we have the will to change

A

yes

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27
Q

ABC model

A

A- activating event
B- perception of the event guided by our rational/irrational beliefs
C- our beliefs determines the consequence

28
Q

relationship between the ABC model

A

A doesnt not cause C but is influenced by B

29
Q

where do problems come from

A

irrational beliefs and schemas

30
Q

how many common irrational beliefs

A

11

31
Q

what do irrational beliefs cause

A

emotional problems and maladaptive behaviour

32
Q

what are schemas

A

the unspoken rules or underlying core beliefs often learned through childhood experiences

33
Q

schemas can be:

A

adaptive and maladaptive

34
Q

how do schemas act as filters

A

filter out unwanted information so we can attend to that which we consider important

35
Q

what is an unhealthy schema

A

prone to negative automatic thoughts

36
Q

what do negative thoughts trigger

A

corresponding emotions and then behavioural response

37
Q

what are negative automatic thoughts

A

ways of thinking that hinder our coping

38
Q

types of automatic thoughts

A

selective abstraction
magnification and minimisation
dichotomous or black/white thinking
emotional reasoning
arbitrary inferences
labelling and mislabelling
mental filtering
catastrophising
overgeneralisation
personalisation
mind reading

39
Q

what is selective abstraction

A

forming conclusions based on isolated events

40
Q

what is magnification and minimisation

A

events are exaggerated

41
Q

what is dichotomous or black/white thinking

A

always/never rather than sometimes

42
Q

what is emotional reasoning

A

assume our emotions represent the way things actually are

43
Q

what is arbitrary inferences

A

draw conclusions about events without sufficient evidence

44
Q

what is overgeneralisation

A

holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident

45
Q

what is personalisation

A

relating external events to ourselves even when no basis for connection

46
Q

what is mind reading

A

assuming we know what others are thinking about us

47
Q

how does cognitive therapy support change

A

focus is on present not the past
therapist establish link between maladative behaviour and clients thoughts
identify specific goals for change
use socratic questioning
assist clients to restructure their thoughts/schemas
clients learn new function self statements, alternative interpretations, different perspectives

48
Q

therapeutic techniques for CBT

A

cognitive restructuring
psychoeducation
establish link between maladative behaviour and clients automatic thoughts (thought monitoring)
trace the stream of though to identify the core belief
use socratic questioning to challenge and restructure thoughts and core beliefs
exposure and response prevention
use of homework to apply learning to real life situations
client learns new self statements, alternative interpretations and different perspectives

49
Q

what are the 3 waves

A

1.behaviorism
2.cognitive therapies
3.mindfulness, values, goals, acceptance of emotions

50
Q

how do problems arise in ACT

A

lack of psychological flexibility
cognitive fusion
experiential avoidance

51
Q

what is cognitive fusion

A

being tangled in our thoughts and beliefs, and responding to the world according to these

52
Q

what is experiential avoidance

A

when the pain brought on by thining is avoided or suppressed

53
Q

types of wave 3

A

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
functional analytic psychotherapy

54
Q

what is the goal of ACT

A

increase psychological flexibility

55
Q

how does ACT increase psychological flexibility

A

using acceptance and mindfulness processes to develop more flexible patterns of responding to psychological problems
reduce the impact of thoughts and self stories on behaviour
help the client be in contact with their actual experiences
increase the frequency of value-based behaviour

56
Q

what is act goal of symptom reduction

A

there is no symptom reduction goal
but usually happens as a product not the goal
eg. not trying to change the thought but rather the impact they have on them

57
Q

characteristics of act

A

acceptance
defusion
contacting the present moment
self as context
values
committed action

58
Q

acceptance in act

A

accept what is there without defence or judgement

59
Q

defusion in act

A

create distance from thoughts to help shape and guide behaviour

60
Q

contacting the present moment in act

A

use of mindfulness and other techniques

61
Q

self as context in act

A

help clients become aware that they have a self which they can observe difficult thoughts and feelings without being caught up in them

62
Q

values in act

A

clarifying with client whats really important for them
then evaluate if behaviours align

63
Q

committed action in act

A

engage in behaviour change strategies to support them to take value based action

64
Q

what framework underpins ACT

A

Relational frame theory (RFT)

65
Q

from an RFT perspective what is the main difference between humans and animals

A

language

PYB208 counselling theory and practice 1 (10 decks)

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