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PYB208 counselling theory and practice 1 > cognitive and behaviourism: 2nd force > Flashcards

cognitive and behaviourism: 2nd force Flashcards

1
Q

when was the first wave of behaviourism

A

1920s-1960s

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2
Q

how is the new approach to behaviour therapy different

A

shifted away from psychiatric treatment for psychological disorders (medication and physical treatments)
deliberate move towards new school of psychology
- revolution not evolution
psychology is the science of behaviour not the study of consciousness

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3
Q

what is behaviourism opinion on psychoanalitic method

A

behaviourism is against the psychoanalytical approach

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4
Q

what is psychology

A

psychology is the science of behaviour not the study of consciousness

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5
Q

what does behaviourism put a large emphasis on

A

learning

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6
Q

behaviourism moved away from freud and towards what

A

science
- tangible, measurable, observable

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7
Q

what is habituation

A

the simplest form of learning
as we become used to a stimulus we tend to get used to it
eg. the sound of a clock ticking

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8
Q

when is measuring habituation used

A

to understand how learning happens
to do studies infants and nonverbal people

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9
Q

who invented classical conditioning

A

ivan pavlov

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10
Q

classical conditioning

A

dog study when dog salviated when looking at food (unconditioned stimulus and response). Then rang bell when getting food and dog would salivate to the bell (neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus)

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11
Q

john b watson experiment

A

little albert

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12
Q

what is little albert experiment

A

made loud noises when rat came out and caused the baby to develop a conditioned fear response to anything similar to the white rat

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13
Q

what did the little albert experiment lead to

A

generalisation

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14
Q

what is generalisation

A

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

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15
Q

what did the albert experiment discover

A

that phobias are a learnt response

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16
Q

who invented operant conditioning

A

bf skinner

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17
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

we learn what works and what doesnt and we stop doing what doesnt

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18
Q

how do animals learn

A

operant conditioning

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19
Q

what is the difference between operant and classical conditioning

A

operant needs an active participation whereas classical conditioning can be done to other people eg. little albert

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20
Q

where is behaviourism used today

A

classrooms
prisons
parenting
drug and alcohol
social learning theory
phobias

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21
Q

how is behaviourism used in the classroom

A

behaviour modification
star charts
time outs

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22
Q

how is behaviourism used in prisons

A

token systems

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23
Q

how is behaviourism used for phobias

A

desensitisation

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24
Q

what is cognitive therapy

A

the idea that the way we make sense of things is dependent on the way we interpret different situations

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25
key difference between psychoanalytic and behaviouris/cognitive behaviourism
behaviourism is interested in the present
26
does behaviourism believe we have the will to change
yes
27
ABC model
A- activating event B- perception of the event guided by our rational/irrational beliefs C- our beliefs determines the consequence
28
relationship between the ABC model
A doesnt not cause C but is influenced by B
29
where do problems come from
irrational beliefs and schemas
30
how many common irrational beliefs
11
31
what do irrational beliefs cause
emotional problems and maladaptive behaviour
32
what are schemas
the unspoken rules or underlying core beliefs often learned through childhood experiences
33
schemas can be:
adaptive and maladaptive
34
how do schemas act as filters
filter out unwanted information so we can attend to that which we consider important
35
what is an unhealthy schema
prone to negative automatic thoughts
36
what do negative thoughts trigger
corresponding emotions and then behavioural response
37
what are negative automatic thoughts
ways of thinking that hinder our coping
38
types of automatic thoughts
selective abstraction magnification and minimisation dichotomous or black/white thinking emotional reasoning arbitrary inferences labelling and mislabelling mental filtering catastrophising overgeneralisation personalisation mind reading
39
what is selective abstraction
forming conclusions based on isolated events
40
what is magnification and minimisation
events are exaggerated
41
what is dichotomous or black/white thinking
always/never rather than sometimes
42
what is emotional reasoning
assume our emotions represent the way things actually are
43
what is arbitrary inferences
draw conclusions about events without sufficient evidence
44
what is overgeneralisation
holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident
45
what is personalisation
relating external events to ourselves even when no basis for connection
46
what is mind reading
assuming we know what others are thinking about us
47
how does cognitive therapy support change
focus is on present not the past therapist establish link between maladative behaviour and clients thoughts identify specific goals for change use socratic questioning assist clients to restructure their thoughts/schemas clients learn new function self statements, alternative interpretations, different perspectives
48
therapeutic techniques for CBT
cognitive restructuring psychoeducation establish link between maladative behaviour and clients automatic thoughts (thought monitoring) trace the stream of though to identify the core belief use socratic questioning to challenge and restructure thoughts and core beliefs exposure and response prevention use of homework to apply learning to real life situations client learns new self statements, alternative interpretations and different perspectives
49
what are the 3 waves
1.behaviorism 2.cognitive therapies 3.mindfulness, values, goals, acceptance of emotions
50
how do problems arise in ACT
lack of psychological flexibility cognitive fusion experiential avoidance
51
what is cognitive fusion
being tangled in our thoughts and beliefs, and responding to the world according to these
52
what is experiential avoidance
when the pain brought on by thining is avoided or suppressed
53
types of wave 3
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy functional analytic psychotherapy
54
what is the goal of ACT
increase psychological flexibility
55
how does ACT increase psychological flexibility
using acceptance and mindfulness processes to develop more flexible patterns of responding to psychological problems reduce the impact of thoughts and self stories on behaviour help the client be in contact with their actual experiences increase the frequency of value-based behaviour
56
what is act goal of symptom reduction
there is no symptom reduction goal but usually happens as a product not the goal eg. not trying to change the thought but rather the impact they have on them
57
characteristics of act
acceptance defusion contacting the present moment self as context values committed action
58
acceptance in act
accept what is there without defence or judgement
59
defusion in act
create distance from thoughts to help shape and guide behaviour
60
contacting the present moment in act
use of mindfulness and other techniques
61
self as context in act
help clients become aware that they have a self which they can observe difficult thoughts and feelings without being caught up in them
62
values in act
clarifying with client whats really important for them then evaluate if behaviours align
63
committed action in act
engage in behaviour change strategies to support them to take value based action
64
what framework underpins ACT
Relational frame theory (RFT)
65
from an RFT perspective what is the main difference between humans and animals
language

PYB208 counselling theory and practice 1 (10 decks)

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